Technology is the use of scientific knowledge

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to develop and produce goods and services useful to man. Technologists use the discoveries of science to produce tools, machines, and methods for industry, communications, transportations, medicine, warfare, and other human activities. In turn, this greatly affects jobs available for the unemployed as well as the job duties or job description intended for them.A nation’s level of technology depends on the extent to which current scientific knowledge is put to practical use. The United States is considered a technologically advanced nation; its major industries used advanced production techniques such as automation, its health institutions used advanced treatments such as laser-beam surgery, and use of up-to-date scientific knowledge is made in most other everyday activities (Clarke, 2001).A nation in which most production is carried on by handicraft methods, and communications and transportation are equally old-fashioned, is consid ered technologically backward, or underdeveloped. Just as some countries are more technologically advanced than others, so are some industries. The electronics and aerosphere industries, for example, are generally technologically advanced wherever they are established. Because of the great investment in money, plants and equipment, and skilled personnel required to operate them, these industries are found only in those countries that have a generally high level of technology. Agriculture, on the other hand, is a technologically backward industry in most parts of the world.In line with this jobs are also progressing while man power is not that important as it was long ago, before all the advancements have been discovered. Before companies hire as many employees but not the same as of the present because some rely on robots or high technology computers or devices needed for a company’s survival and success. Some companies hire people but the sad truth is that sometimes their bo ss are the computers or other devices when in fact, human beings are smarter than any other equipments.Reference:Clarke, A.C. (2004). Profiles of the Future: an Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible, revised edition (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).

Codification: Stock and Fair Value Essay

Identify what authoritative literature addresses accounting for stock compensation plans. What are the objectives for the accounting for share based compensation? 718-10-10-1 The objective of accounting for transactions under share-based payment arrangements with employees is to recognize in the financial statements the employee services received in exchange for equity instruments issued or liabilities incurred and the related cost to the entity as those services are consumed. This Topic uses the terms compensation and payment in their broadest senses to refer to the consideration paid for employee services. 2. How many periods of EPS data must be presented? 260-10-45-7 EPS data shall be presented for all periods for which an income statement or summary of earnings is presented. If diluted EPSdata are reported for at least one period, they shall be reported for all periods presented, even if they are the same amounts as basicEPS. If basic and diluted EPS are the same amount, dual presentation can be accomplished in one line on the income statement. 3. If a company’s outstanding shares are increased through a stock split or stock dividend, how would that change the presentation of EPS data? 260-10-55-12 If the number of common shares outstanding increases as a result of a stock dividend or stock split (see Subtopic 505-20)or decreases as a result of a reverse stock split, the computations of basic and diluted EPS shall be adjusted retroactively for all periods presented to reflect that change in capital structure. If changes in common stock resulting from stock dividends, stock splits, or reversestock splits occur after the close of the period but before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25), the per-share computations for those and any prior-period financial statements presented shall be based on the new number of shares. If per-share computations reflect such changes in the number of shares, that fact shall be disclosed. Chapter 17 codification assignment 1. When is the fair value of a security readily determinable? 820-10-15-5 The definition of readily determinable fair value indicates that an equity security would have a readily determinable fair value if any one of three conditions is met. One of those conditions is that sales prices or bid-and-asked quotations are currently available on asecurities exchange registered with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or in the over-the-counter market, provided that those prices or quotations for the over-the-counter market are publicly reported by the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations systems or by Pink Sheets LLC. The definition notes that restricted stock meets that definition if the restriction expires within one year. If an investment otherwise would have a readily determinable fair value, except that the investment has a restriction expiring in more than one year, the reporting entity shall not apply paragraphs 820-10-35-59 through 35-62 and 820-10-50-6A to the investment. 2. How is impairment of a security accounted for? 320-10-35-35 In periods after the recognition of an other-than-temporary impairment loss for debt securities, an entity shall account forthe other-than-temporarily impaired debt security as if the debt security had been purchased on the measurement date of the other-than-temporary impairment at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the other-than-temporaryimpairment recognized in earnings. For debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairments were recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected shall be accreted in accordance with existing applicable guidance as interest income. An entity shall continue to estimate the present value of cash flows expected to be collected over the life of the debt security. For debt securities accounted for in accordance with Subtopic 325-40, an entity should look to that Subtopic to account for changes in cash flows expected to be collected. For all other debt securities, if upon subsequent evaluation, there is a significant increase in the cash flows expected to be collected or if actual cash flows are significantly greater than cash flows previously expected, such changes shall be accounted for as a prospective adjustment to the accretable yield in accordance with Subtopic 310-30 even if the debt security would not otherwise be within the scope of that Subtopic. Subsequent increases and decreases (if not an other-than-temporary impairment) in the fair value of available-for-sale securities shall be included in other comprehensive income. (This Section does not address when a holder of a debt security would place a debt security on nonaccrual status or how to subsequently report income on a nonaccrual debt security. ) 3. When would an investor stop applying the equity method in an investment? Are there any exceptions to this rule? 323-10-35-20 The investor ordinarily shall discontinue applying the equity method if the investment (and net advances) is reduced to zero and shall not provide for additional losses unless the investor has guaranteed obligations of the investee or is otherwise committed to provide further financial support for the investee.

Chemistry Module 6 Separation of a Mixture of Solid Essay

This lab experiment was conduct and taught based upon the primary instruction and introduction to mixtures. With this lab I was able to determine and execute the proper separation of a mixture of solids through various means, such as evaporation and filtration. Using these techniques presented the separation of different ingredients from a mixture was conducted based upon the usage of individual physical properties of each substance presented in the mixture. . Observations: Throughout this experiment I noted several things. For example as I was heating the sand I completely forgot to cover the top to prevent splatter. Although I did heat the mixture at a much slower speed, this resulted in a loss of sample, further impacting my overall results and contributing to my percent error totals, as the sand was bubbling and slightly splattered. Also, I noted my stirring rod, along with the other tools used, had a bit of solution attached to them. Although minuet in amount I should have weighed and taken note upon the mass of my materials before and after the procedures. Questions: A. How did your proposed Procedures or flow charts at the beginning of this experiment compare to the actual Procedures of this lab exercise? B. Discuss potential advantages or disadvantages of your proposed Procedure compared to the one actually used. C. How would you explain a sand recovery percentage that is higher than the original sand percentage? D. What were potential sources of error in this experiment? A.) The methods I proposed were highly similar to the instructions used in the labpaq manual. Just as stated in the instructions, I would have used the magnet to separate iron fillings, but I would have thought lastly upon evaporation for the sand separation and used the filter. B.) A potential disadvantage of simply filtering out the sand, is that fact that the benzoic acid substance, that was not completely dissolved could have too be filtered out. Also in the filtering of iron with the magnet I would have never thought to use a bag. C.) I could explain a sand recovery percentage that was higher than that of the original sand percentage, as simply a contamination of the other substances left within the sand, such as if the sand were not completely dry as there would still be water that would be included in the measured value, or possibly the benzoic acid? D.) The potential sources of error found in this experiment could include the was heating the sand I completely forgot to cover the top to prevent splatter, removing the mixture out of the ice before adequate crystallization had occurred,. Possibly having the sand, NaCl, or benzoic acid sticking to the iron, also maybe incomplete drying. How did your flow diagram for completing the separation compare to what was really done in the experiment? Were there any advantages or disadvantages to performing the separation the way you first thought it out? Discuss these advantages and disadvantages in the context how the approach might affect the measurement of some of the materials you separated. My flow diagram thought out prior to the conducting of this experiment was carried out well. The methods I proposed were highly similar to the instructions used in the labpaq manual. Just as stated in the instructions, I would have used the magnet to separate iron fillings, but I would have thought lastly upon evaporation for the sand separation and used the filter. I thought it was rather obvious to use the magnet for the iron filings, but really did not have an educated guess for how to separate the rest. A potential disadvantage of simply filtering out the sand, is that fact that the benzoic acid substance, that was not completely dissolved could have too be filtered out. Also in the filtering of iron with the magnet I would have never thought to use a bag. All together these simple differences, although minuet could have greatly altered my results and manipulated the entire data table.

Smartphone Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Smartphone - Lab Report Example one owners (or potential owners) are aimed at tracing the constantly varying preferences of the audience, and make corresponding changes in the construction, electronic stuffing, as well as applications. While leaders of the smartphone market set the tendency, the others have to trim the sales to the wind; nevertheless, everyone has to study the needs and preferences of the potential customers. Marketing Details. Problem Definition In accordance with the research by Bojei and Hoo (2012), the smartphone audience has increased essentially for the recent several years. The 2012 surveys show that almost half of the mobile consumers in the USA, Western Europe, and Australia own smartphones, and this amount is expected to reach 70% level in 2014. From the viewpoint of the profit share, the smartphone segment is essentially more profitable. Therefore, Apple Inc. holds up to 52% of the smartphone segment operating income. Samsung is featured with 29%. The key questions that the research is f ocused on are as follows: 1. What are the smartphone segment leaders 2. What are the key factors of the gadget popularity 3. What parameters are used for evaluating gadgets The key problem of the research is mainly based on defining the image of the audience. Since the growth of the smartphone segment is quite exceptional, it should be stated that the overall marketing study should not touch upon the communication aspect. This can be explained by the fact that smartphones are also used for shopping, leisure, navigation, sport activities, etc. For at least 20% of smartphone users, this gadget has become the primary way of internet access. In fact, the mobile phone segment study is not a novelty in marketing, since the surveys are arranged from the moment smartphones have become a mass... It is stated that the global phone market growth has decreased over the last two years. This is explained by the fact that the markets are highly penetrated, and the growth for the account of new customers can not compensate the growth decrease. Nevertheless, the smartphone segment of mobile gadgets tends to grow, and the aim of the current research is to evaluate and analyze the customers’ demands and needs in smartphones. Therefore, the current research is focused on the matters of studying the smartphone segment, and the key research effort is associated with studying the preferences of the audience. The data collection process involved filling out the questionnaire only, while data analysis required using additional sources for the proper interpretation of the primary data analysis. Proper analysis required marketing, economic, and industry data as a basis of the questionnaire analysis. Hence, the research was based on the actual researches, theories and patterns, and the outcomes of the qualitative research analysis will not be randomized as in case of pure studies. Considering the necessity to analyze the mass of statistical data, the research involved quantitative approaches as well. These are based on the SSPS data analysis, however, the number of respondents is not sufficient for proper statistic evaluation. This paper approves that the individuality of the customers is not considered in the research, however, some information was collected through personal communication.

Xerox Corporation - Cause of Failure Competition Essay

Xerox Corporation - Cause of Failure Competition - Essay Example These factors increased competition enhancing the need of new technological innovations and new ways to compete. "In the 1980s, Xerox Corporation's revenue share of the copier business declined from 90 percent to 43 percent as a result of increased competition from Ricoh, Sharp, and Canon in Japan and Kodak and IBM in the United States" (Contemporary Trends in Human Resources Management, n.s.). The industry of competition can be characterized as follows: "Xerox compete in the market for service of Xerox high volume copiers" (Xerox Corporation. Creative Copier services. 2004). In general, competition theory has been developed, described and analyzed by such gurus as M. Porter, C.K. Prahalad and G. Hamel, R.M. Hodgetts, H. Mitzberg, R. D'Aveni. They describe that to be effective, competition should not always be a formal process. Studies of the planning practices of actual organizations suggest that the real value of competition may be more in the future orientation of the planning process itself than in any resulting written strategic plan. The failure Xerox Corporation proves the fact that competition is not always "a safe" way to obtain a strong market position. Michael Porter contends that a corporation is most concerned with the intensity of competition within its industry. "The collective strength of these forces," he contends, "determines the ultimate profit potential in the industry, where profit potential is measured in terms of long-run return on invested capital." (Porter, 1980). The stronger each of these forces is, the more companies are limited in their ability to raise prices and earn greater profits. According to the case study "started from year 2000, Xerox's share price had fallen below $4, from a high of $64 a year earlier. Moreover, the copying and printing giants around the world were taking chunks of its market share" (Case Study: Xerox Corporation, n.d.). This failure was caused by the fact that intense competition and management strategy aimed to overcome "temporal" decline resulted in failure. A strong market position obtained by Xerox Corporation resulted in "less concern for US competitiveness" (Kato, n.d.). Globalization and international integration presents Xerox Corporation with enticing opportunities and challenges to reconfigure itself. New horizons allowed Xerox Corporation to maximize its global sales, in the belief that those that offer a global service and have a worldwide success through regional policy will be in the strongest competitive position (Xerox Corporation, 2005). Nevertheless, Xerox Corporation paid less attention to such important issues as technological changes and innovations. In his book "Competitive Advantage" Porter identifies five forces that drive competition within an industry: 1. The threat of entry by new competitors. 2. The intensity of rivalry among existing competitors. 3. Pressure from substitute products. 4. The bargaining power of buyers. 5. The bargaining power of suppliers (Porter, 1985). It is important, that a strong force can be regarded as a threat because it is likely to reduce profits. In contrast, a weak force can be viewed as an opportunity because it may allow the company to earn greater profits. In the short run, these forces act as constraints on a company's activities. In the long run, however, it may be possible for a company, through its choice of strategy, to change the strength of one or more of the forces to the company's advantage. The company states that: "We developed a comprehensive process

Implementation of Change from Mixed Sex Ward to a Single Sex Ward Essay

Implementation of Change from Mixed Sex Ward to a Single Sex Ward - Essay Example Women vulnerability with severe mental illness to physical and sexual abuses noted in mixed-sex wards. These increased rates of past sexual assaults and abuses among psychiatric impatient made them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse in mix-sex settings. This implies that re-victimization rates among women with mental illness are high. Increased recognition by the service providers of problems arising from histories of such trauma led to increase in same-sex inpatient units. Given the recognition that, trauma leads to pervasive and long term negative effects on mental health and relational problems, emotional regulation difficulties and mistrust of others, there was a general necessity to evade such menace. This paper is a case study on Implementation of Change from Mixed-sex ward to a single sex ward. It entails in-depth discussion about mixed-sex wards and single-sex wards, why the mixed-sex wards should be faced out in favor of the single-sex wards, demerits and merits of the two systems, as well as, the financial repercussions that come along with introduction of same-sex wards. Additionally, the paper explores the area of acute mental health to shade light on what needs to be done to achieve full transformations from mixed-sex to single-sex wards. ... e other hand, means service users and the patients share bathroom facilities, sleeping accommodations, and toilet facilities only with same sex people. However, the same sex ward is interpreted differently according to different hospitals. It could be a whole ward that is occupied by either women alone or men alone. It can also be taken to mean a single room, or a mixed ward, where bays or rooms are used to separate men and women. This applies to virtually all the hospitality areas and the unit of mental health. The whole ward is occupied by either women or men but not both. More often than not, this requirement applies to organizations that provide NHS funded care whether in mental health or acute mental health, as well as, heath disability sectors. Areas mostly considered for single sex ward include estates, systems and processes, patient and staff culture experience (Imprrit, N. 2009). A ward is a place at which a team having appropriate specialist skills help in treating a group of patients. In a mixed ward, there is provision of same-sex accommodation by same sex bays or single rooms, as well as, toilet facilities (Mezey, G. 2005). A bay is an area for sleeping having multiple beds or a single bed with all the three sides of the walls enclosing them. The fourthly sides can be partially enclosed or glazed to allow the staff to monitor clinically their patients. Why mixed-sex should be replaced. In recent times, there have been reports indicating that the makers of the policies and some professionals have not learned anything from the risks that have encompassed same-sex accommodation. Same-sex accommodation wards continue experiencing poor opportunities for both recreational interventions and the therapeutic interventions, as well. These wards are sexual abuses

How have cell phones affected the lives of american citizens Essay

How have cell phones affected the lives of american citizens - Essay Example The lives of the American people are, therefore, highly influenced by mobile telephony. Arguments on the effects of cell phones on the lives of American citizens are both positive and negative, with the positives outperforming the negatives (Ling 34). Cell phones constitute the primary mode of communication in America. This means that mobile telephony has made it simple and easy to access effective and efficient communication services. As a result, communication challenges that were evident decades ago are no longer present today. Sending and receiving information is efficiently aided by cell phone devices, thereby reducing time and cost of sending and receiving information and messages. The social aspects of the American people have also been accounted for by cell phones. The mobile telephony industry has revolutionized social interactions through the use of cell phones. This has made it possible for people to interact even without having to meet physically. The link of cell phones to the social media has further led to the realization of an integrative social enhancement at a global level. This has come as a complement to intentional communications originating from America to the rest of the world. Cell phones have further impacted positively on the economic conditions of individuals, businesses and the performance of the American economy at large (Campbell 73). At individual level, cell phone services are provided at affordable charges, with competition in the industry necessitating an ever declining service pricing for mobile telephony. Moreover, cell phones companies undertake promotions all over America, offering cash money, mobile phone handsets and mobile phone accessories to their lucky subscribers. This has enhanced the economic conditions of numerous subscribers across the United States. In general, American citizens have benefited from the operation strategies employed by cell phone

Gas prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gas prices - Essay Example (How Gasoline Works) The economy of the United States has witnessed four major shocks in connection with the oil price which occurred during 1973-74, 1979-80, 1990-91, NS 1999-2000 with a time span of 25 years. There was a unanimous view among the analysts that holding of energy independently would be the pivotal factor for designing a relevant National energy policy. If higher energy efficiency is mastered the aftermath of the oil price shock on the economy can be controlled. This effect has been proved for the year 1999-2000 where the oil price shock had a negligible effect on the economy when compared to the recent past. The candidates for the presidential campaign brought to light the necessity for greater American energy independence and expressed the idea of less dependence on oil import. Even though the United States has a hold to effect the gas price, it is to be understood that the market is not national but international. The American energy policy proves to be relatively undeterred force of s upply and demand which allowed constituting the prices for various energy sources. The public consumption of the energy source is also effected through this policy. The prices that are thought to be particularly sticky are wage contracts, publication subscriptions and items from catalogues. (Labonte; Makinen, 2000) The totally market based national energy policy argues that the market prices may blend all the relevant costs to the individual it may exempt the cause that are relevant to the nation. It is important to note that the prices may fall short to bring in a premium that would counteract any unwarranted foreign influence on the foreign and domestic policies of the United States. In the end, since the oil supply shocks are fickle and less anticipated market prices can soar high when they occur. So when this jerk disrupts, as in the past, it will have a considerable effect on Gross Domestic Product -- GDP, employment and inflation. Oil being an inevitable ingredient in the production and transit of most goods, naturally an oil price hike will affect the cost of production for the producers. This effect will also be shunned by products which use supplementary energy sources since those prices would have also experienced a hike. Thus the supply shock decreases an economic output and increase s the price level in a short run. If there is flexibility in the prices then the producers could reduce input prices such as wages excluding the total output and total price level. Only then, there would be no decline in output or hike in the price level. But when sticky prices persist then producers have no other alternative than to lower the rest of the input prices quickly which would result on a price hike that would affect the consumers. The consequence would be the rate of output is lowered as people decide to buy fewer goods, the prices being higher. Price of labor would be compensated with some employers signed off. So with fewer workers, only a lesser output is produced, so a rise in the price of oil and the inefficacy of other prices to accommodate temporarily results in the reduction of the rate of growth of output that is produced by an economy. (Labonte; Makinen

The Concept of Healthy Lunch Provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Concept of Healthy Lunch Provision - Essay Example Roundabout sixty-five years ago, a lunch program for the school children American federal was introduced to make them healthy. During the great depression of the 1930s, the concept of the school lunch program was introduced by the provision of a small number of funds through government on the ad hoc basis. But these funds were not enough for each student of every school, and poor students were in need of food due to the stark of world war two. In 1946, a political party Congress take an initial step to pass an Act â€Å"as a measure of national security† by naming it National School Act. It was a guaranteed law for the food provided to the millions of needy school children. The provision of school lunch program by the government of America not only benefited the children but also expanded the range of business communities of agriculture and cafeteria fields on the basis of the subsidized food program. In the start, the program was not as successful due to lack of proper manage ment, but in these days the lunch is totally free of cost for those children whose families have low incomes or belong to poor class (HINMAN). A British TV chef Jamie Oliver stated about the school lunch menus during ABC News interview that, â€Å"Children are getting diabetes, heart disease, and all sorts of diseases that only used to show up in adults, because of the food they are eating. We can influence this in a massive way by improving at least one daily meal, school lunch.† When there was no restriction of lunch commodities by the Government officials, then the school administrations did not care for calorie control strategies and the students were free to whatever they like.

Drinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drinking - Research Paper Example Supporting Arguments Nowadays, an alliance has been formed youth and drinking. It is not only spoiling the youth’s health but also causing a great deal of immorality in them. They are destroying themselves by filling their body with such fluids. Youth is now unable to present itself as a healthy part of society; rather, the young have lost their focus of life and become irresponsible. In the past, school was an institution which was a place for the young to nurture their abilities and talents. But now it has become a place of fun funded by parents. They just have found a place where they can party and do whatever they want to (Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Raised to 25 to Eliminate Deadly College Partying?). The health experts of University of Otago conducted a study showing correlation between suicides, homicides, and age of drinking (Elder). People who start drinking early in their lives have a higher tendency to commit suicide or kill others (Elder). Same study found out that there is a decrease in suicide ratio among people who began drinking alcohol late in life (Elder). This is an effective supporting evidence for increasing the minimum age of drinking. ... In this way, this habit which spreads through company can be avoided to some extent. Youngsters can concentrate more on studies and achieving ambitions of their life. Research also shows that adults react quite differently to alcohol as compared to youth (Knudsen). Adults have more sense of when to stop drinking as compared to the young; also, they do not drink as frequently as school going youngsters (Knudsen). Brain development of adults is more stable as compared to youngsters, so they do not go to extreme extents for partying. If drinking is started at early age, there is more probability that a person will endure depression and will be psychologically distant from the society (Knudsen). Drinking has more hazardous effect on developing brains of the young (Knudsen). Some scholars say that youngsters are not sensible and responsible enough to understand the purpose of alcohol even at the age of 21 because alcohol is the most abused drug (Lianne H.). So, according to some scholars, the minimum drinking age should be raised to 23 because brain keeps on developing until the age of 23 (Lianne H.). Also, at the age of 23, people graduate and are ready to start their professional lives. So, there are less chances of spreading this habit in the whole group. At the age of 21, most people are at university and colleges enjoying and partying with friends and more of their attention is towards enjoying life and breaking rules (Lianne H.). Automobile accidents are also very common and there are many cases of drunk driver ruining a number of lives, which results in an endless trauma (Lianne H.). Adults at the age of 23 have mature minds and they are conscious enough not to drive after drinking (Lianne H.). However, teenagers do not have this

Development from Birth - 19 Years Essay Example for Free

Development from Birth 19 Years Essay The aspects of development are defined as Physical, Social Emotional, Language and Intellectual. There are different stages of development for each category, 0-3 years, 3-7 years, 7-12 years and 12-19 years. All children will follow the same pattern of development but at different rates and will reach their milestones at different times. Physical During the 0-3 year period a child’s physical development will see them start to move and react to memorable sounds and voices. They recognise people, reach for brightly coloured or noisy items. Their ability to move begins with rolling over, moves to crawling, shuffling and finally the ability to walk. Fine motor skills will also increase, from being able to hold and shake interesting objects to using crayons to scribble and make marks. They will use body language to communicate, such as shaking the head to indicate ‘NO’. As they move into years 3-7 their skills become more refined, they will be able to walk up and down stairs, catch a ball, use paints. Then they will learn to pedal a bike start to draw basic pictures of people or houses. Movement continues to improve and they become confident at climbing and jumping and their fine motor skills allow them to write more clearly, sew and manage shoe laces. By ages 7-12 years children are generally able to hit a ball and participate in team sports although their ability may not meet their own expectations at first. During adolescence physical development becomes more about appearance and the process of puberty. Whilst girls begin this process earlier than boys all children will develop as individuals. This can be a very difficult time for teenagers, with insecurities about they way they look and how they compare to their peers. Some will suffer anxiety at some point and worry about being a late or early developer. Social and Emotional Social and emotional development begins by showing affection and becoming attached to parents or carers and becoming what we usually call ‘clingy’. Young children may become distressed when a parent leaves the room or is not in sight. Slightly older children may demand attention and use tantrums to get their own way. They will generally be easily distracted from unwanted behaviour. By age 2-3 years children enjoy playing with older people who provide them with attention and begin to enjoy time with children their own age. Over the next few years the child becomes more independent and coopertative and likes to help. They develop social skills and play with others is more comfortable as they begin to consider the feelings of others and make friends, although resolving disputes can still be an issue. Rules and routine are required to help the child feel secure and safe. In later years the child becomes less dependant on their parents and moves closer to their peers. They develop a sense of right and wrong by may still adult intervention to settle arguments. They become aware of their gender and normally prefer the company of their own sex. Their behaviour differs with their emotions depending upon circumstance. In the final stages of development puberty creates feelings of self-consciousness and insecurity about body image. Behaviour is very unsettled as they sway between the feelings of being a child and wanting to be an adult. Friendships become stronger and adolescents depend less on the parents. They are much more aware of the opposite sex and need to fit in social with their peer group. People of this age begin to think about their social environment and may start to form strong opinions about community, politics and religion. Language In the early stages of development language is more about making sounds to show feelings. Babies watch others to learn facial movements to help them to begin making their own sounds and will turn towards sound they hear. From making sounds, words develop and gradually increase in number. They begin to understand key words spoken to them and will repeat back what they hear building from single words, to phrases and then sentences. Children’s ability to understand develops faster than the ability to speak and this can cause frustration with not being able to express themselves. During the 3-7 year period children begin to question things more intently, use more accurate grammar and their vocabulary increases dramatically. Reading skills start to develop, first recognising a few frequently seen words and understanding stories and books. During the Key Stage 1 years learning and recognising letters and the sounds they make develops into reading and later into writing. The next stages of language development involves the vocabulary increasing further and learning to spell more difficult words. Adult interaction is important to help children learn fluency and progress towards telling more complicated stories and the correct use of grammar and tenses. During adolescence language becomes more mature and logical thinking begins to develop. They can be sarcastic and begin to experiment with humour or may wish to publicly demonstrate their new found skills. Intellectual Early intellectual development involves copying others through play and testing different styles of behaviour. Young children also begin to recognise that all people are separate from themselves. Next comes the ability to understand instructions and recognise things that are similar, for example, shapes and colours. Between 5-7 years children start to become aware of their environment and understand what is means when things are different or the same. Next a child will develop their own interests and reading becomes a skill used for entertainment. Finally the mind matures and young people learn responsibility for their own thoughts and actions. They begin to think about their future lives and things they might like to do like, jobs, marriage and children. The ability to make connections between pieces of information and the world around them also matures. The speed of development at this stage very much depends upon the amount of guidance received. The more guidance a person gets the quicker they are able to reflect upon how things relate to in practice to their lives. An individuals personal identity is formed from the things they learn at this stage which should be more moral and cultural. Adolescents begin to take more responsibility away from their parents with regard to managing their finances, employment and their personal relationships and becomes complete during adulthood.

Ttrapped teens TV Show Essay Example for Free

Ttrapped teens TV Show Essay My TV show is called trapped teens I chose this particular title because the show is about teenagers who are trapped in a house. In the first of my opening credits it shows the word previously on the screen for 1 second. The colours on this shot which is a big close-up are black orange and yellow. I choose these because they represent different moods. In the next 3 credits it will show what happened previously in case any of the viewers missed it. These obviously would not be here on the first episode. After these shots there is a logo spinning this represents the beginning of a totally new episode. The logo is the letter T connected to another letter T. It has several different colours in it I decided to do this to represent the contestants different moods. In screen shot 6 there are all the contestants walking up some steps into a door. The colours are just plain blue with the exception of the contestants clothing which are brightly coloured so they stand out. This is a long shot the reason for this is because that way you can see all of the contestants. The shot lasts for 2seconds. The music in this shot is upbeat and modern I chose this, as it will grab the audiences attention immediately. Screen shot 7 has all the contestants standing in a line as if they have just got in the door I chose this as it links in with the next shot. Again the background is plain blue and again the contestants are wearing brightly coloured clothes. I used a medium long shot. The reason for choosing this is because I want the viewers to be able to see the contestants face and body features. The shot lasts or 1 second and again the music are upbeat and modern. In screen shot 8 again all the contestants standing in a line it also has jail bars fall from the top of the screen to the bottom. The reason for me doing this is simply because this represents the teenagers being trapped. I also chose it because it shows there is no easy way for the teenagers to escape. There is one possible way and that is the way they came in but they would be unable to break through the steel door. Again the background in this shot is blue and the contestants are all dressed to stand out. The bars on the shot are black so the colour can be separated from the backdrop and the contestants clothes. This camera shot I used in this particular shot was a medium shot I chose this so the viewers can see everything that is happening. This shot lasts for 2seconds and the music again is upbeat and modern but there is a loud crash in this shot when the bars hit the floor. In screen shot 9 the contestants are still behind bars but now they are all holding cards with a letter on them. When the cards are put together they spell the name of the show trapped teens. The reason I decided to do this was because I felt that this would get across a prison like feeling meaning its not just a holiday. Again the backdrop on this shot is blue. I used a close up shot so viewers can see what the cards say. The music again is modern and upbeat and it lasts for 1second. Trapped teens voiceover is going to be Jade Goody. I chose this particular voice because a majority of viewers will recognise it. I also picked Jade because she is a bubbly, energetic and friendly person. So she will give the show some comedy if the contestants fail. The voiceover Jade will be on the show everyday. She will start at 8:00am by saying, day __ in the teen house its 8:00am and the contestants are just about to be woken up. The voiceover would then say something every time something interesting happened, or if the want to get a message across to one or more of the contestants. For example if the wanted a contestant in the talk room. This show will also have presenters. These will interview the contestants after they have being evicted. For this job I have decided to use Ant and Dec. I chose these because again everybody knows who they are and they will bring comedy to the show. Another reason for picking them is because they are award-winning presenters. Overall I personally believe my programme will be successful in targeting my audience ranged between 13 and 18 years old because there is a chance that they could star in the show, and win the star prize of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5000 and a reasonable dream coming true. I also believe it will be successful because shows similar to this have already been screened on TV and have being successful.

Animal Characteristics Used in A Dolls House

Animal Characteristics Used in A Dolls House An Analysis of the Significance of Animal Characteristics Used in A Dolls House Reflective Statement Discussion of A Dolls House in class reach me deeply and implored new perspectives on traditional gender roles in different cultures such as Europe in the late 1800s. I relate to Henrik Ibsens humanist work as opposed to A Dolls House being completely feminist. To say A Dolls House is a feminist work would be redundant. Feminism is the fight for the equality of the sexes and Ibsens A Dolls House explores this very theme. Being human is not confined to just being male or female but having characteristics that define an individual. Christines character is a prime example of escapism in the play and the other works weve studied have generally the same motif. In each culture, In this paper, an analysis will be done on Ibsens use of animal characteristics. Throughout the play, the characters Torvald and Nora call to each other and themselves various animals like Lark and Squirrel. On occasion, Ibsens A Dolls House has been referred to as a feminist work and although themes of feminism are present, the overall effect Ibsen makes is a humanist perspective of the characters lives. The significance of animal characteristics shows a development in Noras character and introduces the type of man Torvald is. Ibsen also uses animal characteristics to reveal the deeper relationship between Nora and Torvald. Verbal irony is conveyed through the use of animal characteristics. The play opens with Nora coming upon the stage laden with Christmas gifts for the children, a horse and sword, trumpets and dolls and cradles. Although the items are tiny things, inexpensive and useless it conveys how much love Nora has. She carries also a little bag of macaroons that she hides w hen Torvald questions her about. The initial thought of Nora is she spends exuberant amounts of money and is rightfully called a spendthrift by Torvald. Noras character can be interpreted as charming and dishonest, always flitting, never resting, light-hearted, inconsequent airhead. The entrance of Christines character reveals Noras dark secret and her character no longer seems transparent. Free. To be free, absolutely free. To spend time playing with the children. To have a clean, beautiful house, the way Torvald likes it. Nora tells Christine that she will be free after she has paid off her debt to Krogstad. her anticipated freedom symbolizes her need to be independent of Torvald. Within that, Nora highlights the factors that constrain her. Although she claims that freedom will give her time to be a mother and a traditional wife that maintains a beautiful home as her husband likes it, she leaves her children and Torvald at the end of the play. One main theme of the play is that t rue freedom cannot be found in a traditional domestic lifestyle. Noras character develops intricately and her understanding of the word free is changes clearly. Nora becomes aware of the fact that she must change her life to find true freedom, and Nora recognizes that freedom includes independence from societal constraints and her ability to examine in depth her own personality, goals, and beliefs.The characteristics of a lark signify that Torvald believes that Nora is small compared to the his perspective. That is like a woman!you know what I think about that. No debt, no borrowing. (Ibsen p. 2) To explore the relationship between Nora and all the other characters one must see that not only did Torvald treat women like children, he also treats lesser men in the workplace as expendable and replaceable. But instead of Krogstad, you could dismiss some other clerk.. He exerts his dominance over others, running over the thoughts and feelings of surrounding humans. Its a sweet little bi rd, but it gets through a terrible amount of money. You wouldnt believe how much it costs a man when hes got a little song-bird like you! Nora express the conclusion she draws from the deep reality of their marriage her view of Torvalds character at the end of Act Three. I have existed merely to perform tricks for you, Torvald. But you wanted it like that. You and father have committed a great sin against me. It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life. Our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I was papas doll-child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it great fun when I played with them. That is what our marriage has been, Torvald. She realizes her life has been a performance and she has acted the part of the happy, child-like wife for Torvald and for her father. Nora sees that her father and Torvald pressured her to behave a certain way and recognizes i t to be great wrong that stifled her development as an adult and as a human being. She has made nothing of her life because she has existed only to please men. Following this realization, Nora leaves Torvald in order to make something of her life and becomes independent of other people. Nora has an underlining care for her husband because she reacts abruptly when Nils tries to blackmail her. She understands how important appearance is for Helmer but she resents the way hes been treating her. How painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald to know that he owed me anything! It would upset our mutual relations altogether. (Ibsen p.9) You dont talk or think like the man I could bind myself to. When your first panic was over not about what threatened me, but about what might happen to you and when there was no more danger, then, as far as you were concerned, it was just as if nothing had happened at all. I was simply your little songbird, your doll, and from now on you would handle it more gently than ever because it was so delicate and fragile. At that moment, Torvald, I realized that for eight years Id been living her with a strange man and that Id borne him three children. Oh, I cant bear to think of it I could tear myself to little pieces! Bibliography A Dolls House Ibsen, Henrik. Global Classics, 1879.

New York vs. Willow Springs in Mama Day Essay -- Comparing Compare Con

New York vs. Willow Springs in Mama Day The soft island breeze blows across the sound and the smell of the sea fills the air in Willow Springs. Meanwhile, a thousand miles away in Lower Manhattan the smell of garbage and street vendors’ hotdogs hangs in the air. These two settings are key to Gloria Naylor’s 1988 novel Mama Day where the freedom and consistency of the Sea Islands is poised against the confinement of the ever-changing city, two settings that not only changes characters’ personalities but also their perceptions. On the surface the two places seem to share no similarities and represent different aspects. There are, however, some similarities, among which is the effect of the setting on the characters. Naylor demonstrates through the characters Cocoa Day and George Andrews that a person’s surroundings affect the way they behave and either allows or permits them to believe in certain aspects of life, especially in respect to believing in magic or logic. The first setting introduced in Mama Day that affects significantly George and Cocoa is the island of Manhattan. This society separated from the mainland represents a plethora of opportunity. It is only in a city like New York where a child like George who was left with nothing on the doorstep of an orphanage could become a successful, disciplined engineer. It is also in the city where we are first introduced to Cocoa looking for her opportunity for success. While waiting to be interviewed by George for a job, Cocoa observes a variety of people in the waiting area, which was representative of the diversity of the city: â€Å"one very very gay Oriental†¦Cherry Vanilla† (Naylor 20). In addition to diversity, the city is a place of constant change, wher... ...Perhaps if we focus more on the impact of the setting on character’s behavior and ideals in novels such as Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day, we can develop a better understanding of the true essence of a novel. Through analysis it is evident that the setting impacts not only the characters, but also affects the behavior of the characters. Unfamiliar locations cause Cocoa to turn to racism as a defense mechanism for protecting herself from the unknown of New York City; George turns to logic to protect himself from the unknown and magic of Willow Springs. These two completely different settings are actually very similar, having a similar affect on the characters and values learned in each location. Who would have thought that a place where the smell of the sea filled the air could be compared or even is similar to a place where the stench of garbage and hotdogs lingered?

Skiing Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Skiing The sport of skiing is dated back nearly 4,500 years. It began as a hunting technique for hunters in the Artic Rim tracking down game. Soon after, the Viking King Harald, in Iceland, used skiing not just for hunting, but for pleasure as well. The sport soon became competitive in racing, and wagers were placed on it. From here the sport spread across forty countries making it one of the fastest growing sports of the time (International Skiing History Association, 2004). It soon caught the attention of the local people of Flagstaff, Arizona. Lying on ancient volcanic ruins, the Flagstaff community began skiing the hills of Snowbowl in 1938 (International Skiing History Association, 2004). The Snowbowl ski area is made of up the extinct volcano, which is more than three million years old. Snowbowl is located in the highest mountains of Arizona, with a summit of 12,633 feet. In 1979, the mountain of Snowbowl was finally approved for additional construction of the ski area, expanding it a nd adding new features (The Sedona Dream Maker, 2003-2005). The Hopi and Navajo Tribes opposed this decision immensely for the sake of their heritage and beliefs lying on this very mountain. But, the Forest Service decided to go forth with it because they agreed to let the mountain have multiple uses, such as the recreation they were approving. Presently, the ski area has up to 30,000 to 180,000 visitors a year depending on the snowfall, according to Christopher McLeod for High Country News, September 11, 2000. With the technology of snowmaking now, the area is prone to expansion with the vicinity growing with each year. Last year Snowbowl ski area was open for a total of four days in the season of 2003-2004. This hurt the area immensely... ...r. â€Å"Sacred Land Film Project.† High Country News 11 Sept. 2000 McLeod, Christopher. â€Å"About the Project.† Sacred Land Film Project. 1999-2004 http://www.sacredland.org/historical_sites_pages/sfpeaks.html. Rayner, Lisa. â€Å"Save The Peaks.† Flagstaff Tea Party. 2002 http://www.flagteaparty.org/Publications/Headlines/Pages/2002/July_2002/July02 hub.html. USDA Forest Service. Arizona Snowbowl Upgrade Proposed Action. United States Department of Agriculture and Coconino National Forest Proposed Conf., Sept. 2002, Flagstaff, Arizona, 2002. USDA Forest Service Coconino National Forest. â€Å"Arizona Snowbowl Improvement Draft Environmental Impact.† Coconino National Forest. Tuesday, 26 Oct. 2004 http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/coconino/nepa/index.shtml. Winkelsten, Phil. â€Å"Local Attractions.† Sedona Dream Maker. 2003-2005 http://www.sedonadreammaker.com/sedona_attract.html.

Free Essays - Individual vs. Society in Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Individual vs. Society in Catcher in the Rye In the novel Catcher in the Rye, many differences exist within the plot and between the characters. This makes the book so interesting. But what interest me, is that the main character, Holden, is the most distinctive example of a difference. Usually, societies approve of a level of uniqueness. But when individuality turns into clear differences of attitude and opinion, conflict starts to arise. Because Holden's morals and beliefs are those different from the society in which he lives in, he can't function in that particular society. Throughout the book, certain values of Holden start to show through. He speaks a lot about how he dislikes "phonies" and tries to separate himself from them. Every time Holden tries to run away from these "phonies," it starts to give you an idea about how he values honesty and his reaction towards people who don't have this particular value. In chapter seventeen, Holden tries to rationalize himself being kicked out of school by saying he wants to accomplish something different and not just be a phony. "It's full of phonies, and all you do is study so that you can learn enough to be smart enough to be able to buy a goddam Cadillac some day, and you have to keep making believe you give a damn if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day, and everybody sticks together in these dirty little goddam cliques (Salinger 131)." In life, and as his days go by, he will realize that many people in society and people who run it, are indeed n ot genuine. The reality angers Holden and he fantasizes about running away, escaping from society, and living in a cabin away from everybody. This is a far-fetched idea that is hardly even an option for him. He decides that if he can't fit in a society where he isn't wanted, then he won't be a part of it. This thought would have never come across Holden's mind if he was like everybody else, but he isn't. Holden obviously can't deal with the environment around him and one day may lash out to the elements of life that aren't in agreement with him. Free Essays - Individual vs. Society in Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays Individual vs. Society in Catcher in the Rye In the novel Catcher in the Rye, many differences exist within the plot and between the characters. This makes the book so interesting. But what interest me, is that the main character, Holden, is the most distinctive example of a difference. Usually, societies approve of a level of uniqueness. But when individuality turns into clear differences of attitude and opinion, conflict starts to arise. Because Holden's morals and beliefs are those different from the society in which he lives in, he can't function in that particular society. Throughout the book, certain values of Holden start to show through. He speaks a lot about how he dislikes "phonies" and tries to separate himself from them. Every time Holden tries to run away from these "phonies," it starts to give you an idea about how he values honesty and his reaction towards people who don't have this particular value. In chapter seventeen, Holden tries to rationalize himself being kicked out of school by saying he wants to accomplish something different and not just be a phony. "It's full of phonies, and all you do is study so that you can learn enough to be smart enough to be able to buy a goddam Cadillac some day, and you have to keep making believe you give a damn if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day, and everybody sticks together in these dirty little goddam cliques (Salinger 131)." In life, and as his days go by, he will realize that many people in society and people who run it, are indeed n ot genuine. The reality angers Holden and he fantasizes about running away, escaping from society, and living in a cabin away from everybody. This is a far-fetched idea that is hardly even an option for him. He decides that if he can't fit in a society where he isn't wanted, then he won't be a part of it. This thought would have never come across Holden's mind if he was like everybody else, but he isn't. Holden obviously can't deal with the environment around him and one day may lash out to the elements of life that aren't in agreement with him.

Top 10 Natural Disasters

-Rank: 1st -Criteria for Ranking: 306 death (the most deadly earthquake in year 2012) -Date: August 11, 2012 -Location: East Azerbaijan Province, Iran -Type: Twin earthquakes (Magnitude 6. 3 and 6. 4) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 306 deaths, over 5000 injured, most of houses destroyed. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Earthquakes_in_2012#cite_note-98 and http://earthquake. usgs. gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb000bupa. php#details -Rank: 2nd -Criteria for Ranking: 30 killed, 109 missing Date: June 1, 2012 -Location: Bugimwera village, Uganda -Type: Landslide -Description: The landslide resulted in 30 deaths and more than 100 were still missing. There were about 400,000 people required humanitarian help. A great number of houses were destroyed and over 3000 need to be resettled -Sources of information: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/06/26/mount-elgon-landslide-2012-missing-uganda_n_1626893. html and http://www. rnw. nl/africa /article/hundreds-homeless-many-watchful-after-uganda-mudslide Rank: 3rd -Criteria for Ranking: 113 death -Date: February 6, 2012 -Location: Visayas, Philippines (near island of Negros, and Cebu) -Type: Earthquake (Magnitude 6. 7) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 113 deaths, about 112 injured; about 15,000 buildings and 17 bridges were destroyed. -Sources of information: http://earthquake. usgs. gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2012/usb0007wgq/#summary and http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Earthquakes_in_2012#September -Rank: 4th -Criteria for Ranking: 81 death Date: September 7, 2012 -Location: Yiliang, Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, China -Type: Earthquake (Magnitude 5. 6) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 81 deaths, about 821 injured; more than 6600 houses were flattened and thousands were damaged; about $552 million lost in the earthquake. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2012_Yunnan_earthquakes -Rank: 5th -Criteria for Ranking : 77 death -Date: June 29, 2012 -Location: Brahmaputra River, State of Assam, northeastern India -Type: Flood Description: 77 were killed in the flood, over 2 million people and 2084 villages were affected. -Sources of information: http://india. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/09/24/floods-and-landslides-kill-dozens-in-north-east-india/ and http://www. nytimes. com/2012/06/30/world/asia/india-floods-swamp-more-than-2000-villages. html -Rank: 6th -Criteria for Ranking: 75 death -Date: June 11, 2012 -Location: Baghlan Province, Afghanistan -Type: Earthquakes (Magnitude 5. 4 and 5. 7) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 75 deaths, about 13 injured.The earthquake causes mountains in the Hindu Kush region to break off. Sayi Hazara was completely destroyed that only one home survived. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/June_2012_Afghanistan_earthquakes -Rank: 7th -Criteria for Ranking: 27 death -Date: May 20, 2012 -Location: Emilia-Romagna, Italy -Type: Ear thquakes (Magnitude 6. 1 and 5. 8) -Description: The earthquake resulted in an estimated 27 deaths, about 400 injured (50 in the first earthquake and 350 in the second).It also caused more than 45,000 people lost their home. -Sources of information: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2012_Northern_Italy_earthquakes -Rank: 8th -Criteria for Ranking: 20 death -Date: September 23, 2012 -Location: Northeastern states of Sikkim and Assam, India -Type: Floods and landslides -Description: 20 people died, 1. 3 million of people were affected by flood, over 200,000 of people lost their houses. -Sources of information: http://india. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/09/24/floods-and-landslides-kill-dozens-in-north-east-india/ Rank: 9th -Criteria for Ranking: 17 death -Date: November 4, 2012 -Location: Andhra Pradesh, India -Type: Flood -Description: The flood resulted in 17 deaths and destroyed more than 1246 houses. Crops were destroyed over 243,634 hectares. Roads were also heavily damaged. -Sources of information: http://www. disaster-report. com/2012/11/recent-natural-disasters-list-november-4. html -Rank: 10th -Criteria for Ranking: 8 death -Date: February 29, 2012 -Location: Harrisburg, Illinois, the United States -Type: Tornado (EF-4)

Ethos Logos Pathos

Ethos Logos Pathos BY watermelon Everyone knows about the gas prices rising, and Assurance uses that to there advantage. Raise you hand if you would pay for gas today if you knew the price was going down tomorrow. Who would right? We need to use gas every day and we pay so much to buy it. Most people like to save money but only when it's convenient. Assurance has made saving money easier than ever on a product we buy every week. Thesis Statement: Assurance states that with the Flocculates, the gas price predictor this will no longer be a problem. Ethos- credibilityObserving the element of ethos in this ad is pretty easy. Aside from flashing there logo a couple times in the ad, Assurance, a company well known for changing the way we use smart phones and computers to purchase the necessities of life, like car insurance. They were the first company to make it possible to purchase car insurance yourself without an agent. They are always looking for innovative ways to keep helping their c ustomers skip the middleman. They are building on their reputation for providing good online applications by now providing the Flocculates. PathosThis Assurance commercial lacked in pathos, or emotion. The ad focused more on ethos and logos. That is one thing I would change about this commercial. But on the other hand the commercial wasn't aimed towards kids, they aren't the ones buying car insurance. But that's beside the fact that this commercial lacked pathos. Logos This ad was a good example of logos- persuading an audience with reason. We all know we need gas to carry on our daily lives and Assurance made it simple. Its logic to wait a day to get gas cheaper. It Just doesn't make sense to pay more than you have to.And Assurance seed that logic to make a great commercial. Lets not forget to mention they said you could tell the future by using their product. Conclusion To wrap it all up they did great in two of the three categories of ethos pathos and logos. Even though they didn 't incorporate pathos in their commercial they still made a great ad. By observing the elements of ethos logos and pathos we can see that Assurance did a great Job in marketing their product to their audience. Next time your watching an ad keep these tactics in mind because they might Just be persuading you more than you think

Education †school Essay

Education is a topic that has been implemented on our generation more than ever before. However, it is not for the grades, degree or the income that education should be important to us. It is for the sake of learning and developing our character that education should be valued. When people go to school, they receive education and thus become educated, however, these people must keep in mind that a major portion of the world receives no form of formal education. Due to their good fortune, the educated people have responsibilities to the world. The first responsibility of an educated person is to help educate others. This may come in the form of teaching classes, tutoring, helping others or simply correcting errors. When we teach people we spread the value of education and share skills that are essential for survival. Other people are able to think rationally and evolve into a self dependent person through the knowledge they attain. Once people are educated, they are able to prevent others from taking advantage of them or cheating them. Through education, people are also able to use the resources they own efficiently and sparingly. Finally, education allows people from different nationalities and locations to communicate and work together in a beneficial harmony. The second responsibility of an educated person is to aim to advance to a better future. It is through evolution that we have become more intellectual and learned. For this process to be beneficial and continuous, we must use it and upgrade it through our use. In the past, communication was a problematic process, today; we have e-mail accounts, cell phones, chat sites, video chat sites and messengers for instant communication. Presently, global warming and oil depletion are major complications. If we are able to advance and address this problem, we would be using our education beneficially. There would be less violence over oil and the future would be a less worrisome place if global warming was tackled. However, this is just one amongst the billions of changes we could make, all to create a better future. The third responsibility of an educated person is to create or maintain stability and order in the world. Through stability and order, the world  becomes a much safer place where people share respect for each other and live in harmony. When there is order, people are insured of payments for their services. They are motivated to work-hard and use positive, instead of negative means to earn their income. Thus, through stability and order, ethics can also be implemented into people. Thus, the three main responsibilities of an educated person are to educate others, aim for a better future and create as well as maintain stability in the world. Through these goals, the world becomes a positive place and continues to flourish after each generation.

Motivation Can Improve Team Outcomes Essay

After eight weeks of working with a group of six members, the most important learning experience was learning how to use motivation in a group work. Accurately apply motivation can improve team work efficiency and outcomes. This essay will provide a critical thinking about how to use motivation in a group and discuss which aspect need improvement when apply motivation in a group. In this task, will be concentrate on three areas to reflection and analysis about how to apply motivation in a group. They are ‘managing groups and teams’, ‘planning’ and ‘leadership’. From these three areas to disclose some practical experiences, and make these practical experience relate to management theories. The first section is discussed and analysis the special understanding about the stages of group development, why people join a group and how to use motivation impact people join a group. The second section is discuss and analysis planning process, why organization need to setting a clear goal and how setting goal can provide a motivation encourage people work hard and increase work efficiency. The last section is discussing and analysis the activity of leadership and how a good leader through all kinds of methods to create employee’s work motivation and stimulate employees work hard and efficient, help organization achieve goal. From these three section, it will be argued that suitable apply motivation in various management field, will increase our group work efficiency, improve work outcomes, and successful help group completed a high quality work, achieved the group’s high goal. Group already became a really popular work method in recent year. Lots of organisation and government department use team work to complete task, and achieved organisational goal. Team has all kinds of type, such as project team, management team, work team, virtual team and parallel team. Although team have various type, but the project team is the most popular type of team. Project team is include employees who group to solve a specific problems, develop a product, or in some other way focus their energies in a limited time task, when the task completed, the team will be disband (Davidson et al. 2009, p440). Our team work in the eight weeks period is project team, because we are together discuss some problems and solve it, together completed presentation during 8 weeks. When the presentation is completed in week 10, our team would disband. One group’s evolvement need passes through several stages. When the development of group passes through these stages, the group will be disbandment. A well-know model of group development is the sequential-stage theory. In this theory, the group or team develops through some stages of development. The theory’s model clear shows that there have five distinct stages to group development. The five stages are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The group development will follow the specifically order to completed (Davidson et al. 2009, p444). Everyone has their own motivation to join a group. Different people have different situation, people have variety of reasons to join a groups and teams. The first stage, forming, provides a platform so that everyone can have an opportunity to join any groups. According to a study by Robbins et al. (2006, p488), ‘Forming is the first stage of group development in which people join the group and then define the group’s purpose, structure and leadership’. So, it can be see that when the group development, the first things is people join the group. Therefore, motivation was occurred at the forming stage, because when people join a group, they usually have some motivations to join that group. Davidson et al. (2009, p442) state that people join groups and teams for a variety reasons, they often have some motivations to join a group. These motivations can be interpersonal attraction, group activities, group values and goals,needs satisfaction and instrumental benefits. From the evidence, it can be clear that when people join a group, they have some motivations. Such as person join a group, that group’s goal with the person’s goal same, and also people join a group because that group can satisfy people’s needs. Bosso (2003, pp399-403) claims that the reason of some organisation fail is because lots of organisational members leave organisation and find a new job in other organisations. Because the original organisation cannot give members lots of benefits, these benefits most are in terms of money. The organisation not has loyal members because it not has motivation to keep original members and attract new members. From the evidence, it can be see that people’s motivation to join an organisation is a really important factor for organisational success. If an organisation not have some special things to attract people, so people will be not join this group, because they are not have motivation to join the organisation. The organisation will be lost lots of talents and ultimately lead to failure. Our group work in week 2, we are also have some motivation to join a group. I am an international student, so I am joined a group have many local students. My motivation to join a group have many local students is because local students have language and cultural advantages, and also we all have a same task goal. This can make my work easier and more easily to achieve my task goals. With local students work together also can improve my English. So, my motivation to join that group is can help me to achieve the task goals and improve my English. We also have same motivation to form that group, the motivation is we are have same task goal. The same motivation make us work more happy and congenial, this can increase our work efficiency. When people work in a group, it also has some motivation to encourage people work more hard and efficient. For example, a group of people climbing a mountain, in this period tethered together can climb only as fast as its slowest member. From that example, the least capable group member tends to work harder than when working individually (Gockel et al. 2008, p1316). From the evidence, it can be see that people work in group, will be have stress to work harder. In a group, have most ability’s member also help other members work, make group work efficient and more easily achieve goal. In eight weeks group work, our group has some stresses to stimulate us work hard, this is a kind of motivation to make us work efficient. Therefore, from these analysis and practice experiences, management needs to clear understand what is people’s motivation to join an organisation then make organisation have some special things to attract talents join the organisation, this can help organisation more easier to success. Manager also needs make employees work in a group, because this can create motivation to encourage employees work hard, improve group work outcomes. Planning is an important part when people do a task. A good planning can directly affect group work efficiency and outcomes. There are at least four reasons to do a planning. Planning provides direction, reduces uncertainty minimises waste and redundancy and sets the standards used in controlling (Robbins et al. 2006, p238). These reasons can significantly reveal planning can give organisational or group’s work brings huge benefits. When manager do a plan, they need clear understand the environmental context. If managers do not understand the environmental context, they are unable to develop efficient plans. Understanding the environment is necessary the first step in planning (Davidson et al. 2009, p238). In an organisation, have many different kinds of plan. Plan generally includes three levels. They are strategic plans, tactical plans and operational plans. Strategic plans are the plans developed to achieve strategic goals. Tactical plans aimed at achieving tactical goals, is developed to implement specific parts of strategic plan. Operational plans focuses on implement tactical plans to achieve operational goals (Davidson et al. 2009, p243). From these kinds of plan, we can find these plans all is use to achieve some goals. So, an organisational goals setting also is a really important part in planning. Organisation setting goals have four important purposes. First, goals provide guidance and a unified direction for people in the organisation. Second purpose is goals can dramatically influence other areas of planning. Third purpose is goals can provide some motivations to employees of the organisation. The final purpose of goals is serving an effective mechanism for evaluation and control (Davidson et al. 2009, p239). These purposes make lots of managers set more suitable goals in organisation. Suitable goals can increase organisational work efficiency. However, from the group experiences that the motivation occurred in the third purpose, goals can provide some motivations to employees of the organisation. For example about athletes, Stratton (2005, p31) states that setting goals can increase athletes’ motivation, these motivations most are athletes internal motivation. These motivations can encourage athletes to develop new skills and strategies to improve performance. The goal can be all kinds of goals. Such as athletes hope become professional athletes or qualifying for the Olympics. When athletes have a goal, they will have motivation to encourage self training hard and improve skills to achieve the goals. Goals not only provide motivation to athletes, it also provides motivation to all kinds of people. Such as organisational employees and university’s students. When people have a goal, they will have motivation to work hard and improve work skills, ultimately achieve the goal. Motivation also occurred our group in week 4, we are doing a planning and setting group goals. When we setting the group’s goal, we decide set a difficult goals. We hope get a high mark in the presentation assessment. A difficult goal motivates our group work hard and improves work skills to increase our work efficiency. Although a goal difficult to achieve can provide a motivation to encourage people work hard thereby improve work efficiency, but if the goal is really difficult to achieve, this will be bring some negative impact to people’s motivation. Even people not have motivation to work. Shalley, Oldham and Porac (1987, pp553-554) argues that individuals who were assigned an easy goal, they will be easier to achieve the goal and not have motivation to work hard. But if the individuals assigned a goal is really difficult, no one can attained the goal, and this also make people not have motivation to work hard. Form the evidence, it can be see that if the people’s goals too easy or difficult, they will be not have motivation to work hard and improve work efficiency. Because the really easy goal people can easier to achieved, they do not need work hard, but if the goal is really difficult, nobody can attained it, people will think they cannot achieve the goal, then give up it and not have motivation to work. In our group, although we are decide the goal is difficult to achievement, but the goal is not too difficult, because this assessment not hard, we can through work hard and improve work skills to achieve the goal, get a high mark. From analysis these theories and relate practice experiences in group, manager should do a good planning and carefully setting goals in organisation, because a good planning can make organisation work have a logical structure and a suitable goal can provide motivation to employees, encourage employees work harder, thereby improve organisational work efficiency. Leadership is a really important part in management, most organisation attain success the leadership is the necessary factor. A good leadership can make organisation more solidarity, have a logical structure to work, thereby improve organisational work efficiency. Although Management and leadership have some relations, but leadership is not similar managership. Manager and leader have some basic distinctions. Managers are focus on accomplish goal, through planning, organising and controlling to make organisation achieve orderly results. Leaders are focus on influence, through guide in direction, uild commitment and convince others of a vision to change organisation, make organisation work more effective, and improve organisation outcomes. Some of the basic distinction between leadership and management conclude for four main activities. The four main activities are creating an agenda, developing a human network for achieving the agenda, executing plans and outcomes (Davidson et al. 2009, pp351-352). However, one leader’s behaviour can significantly impact employees work situation and efficiency. Different leader have different attitude about how to affect an organisation work. They are using all kinds of method to change group work situation, increase group work efficiency, make group better, and ultimately help group achieve goals. Motivation is a really important method when leader lead a group work, they often use motivation to encourage employees work hard, thereby improve group work efficiency. Leader can apply all kinds of method to provide motivation to encourage employees work. Such as reward, when employee perfect completed a task and only use a little bit time to achieved group’s goal, the leader will be give the employee some rewards. These rewards can motivate other employees work hard because employees will think if they perfect complete the task, they also can get reward. Leaders’ behaviour can direct impact employees’ work motivation, may be some smalls behaviours also can make employees have motivation to work hard, such as daily communication. Jamail (2009, p13) states that, in everyday’s morning, when leader go to the office, walk around and talk to every person, try to remember every person’s name and know their work situation, pump up employees, these can make employees have motivation to work hard and improve their work efficiency. From this evidence, it can be see that some small behaviours of leader also can affect employees work efficiency. In everyday’s work, leader only needs to spend some times to communicate with their employees, pump up employees, know their work situation and help them solve some problems. These can make employees think their leader regard them, is a good leader and have confidence to complete a good work. So, employees will be having motivation to work hard. Therefore, leader can through communication to know employees’ work situation and provide motivation to employees, encourage employees to work hard and improve group outcomes. Leader through daily communication to provide employees’ work motivation, the motivation language also is an important method to motivate employees work hard. Mayfield (2009, p9) argues that a high level of motivation language can significantly improved employee performance, increase employee’s work efficiency. Such as empathetic speech, when employee does a hard task, the leader can talk to this employee â€Å"you can do it†, these can make the employee have confidence to do the task, thereby motivate employee work hard and more effective. When employee completed a task, leader also can say â€Å"Good job†, this also can make the employee have confidences to do other tasks, improve the employee’s work motivation. In our group, we have a serious problem. Our group not has a clear leadership, we do not decide who is our group’s leader. When we work together, our group has a member really lazy, she didn’t work hard. But our group not have a leader, nobody to monitor the member work and also nobody to provide motivation to the member encourage she work hard. So, that dramatically affected our group work efficiency, postpone our group’s work progress. Through the group experiences and management theories, leader is really important to a group, because group leader can through daily communication and motivation language to provide motivation to their employees, encourage employees work hard and increase work efficiency, thereby improve group outcomes. In conclusion, it can be concluding that motivation is a really important part in management. It can occur in all kinds of management theories. Through 8 weeks group work, find motivation occurs in people form a group, setting group goal and planning and leader change a group. Manager need clear to understand what are people’s motivations to join a group, and make group have charm to attract talent join. These can help group success. Managers also need make employees work in a group, because work in a group can have some stresses to motivate employees work hard, improve organisation outcomes. If manager want their group work effective, they can setting a suitable group goals. Suitable group goals can motivate group work hard. Manager also need make group have a leader, because group leader can use daily communication and motivation language to provide motivation to members, encourage group members’ work hard and improve group outcomes. Therefore, manager clear understand motivation and accurate use motivation can directly improve group outcomes.

Financial Crisis Impacts on the Employees' Motivational Aspects Research Paper

Financial Crisis Impacts on the Employees' Motivational Aspects - Research Paper Example Based on the responses of these employees, who belonged to different levels in the two organizations, the research concluded that there was indeed a lowered morale and motivation during the crisis. The reason for this was lack of resources and tools available to perform work at optimum levels, lack of incentives and motivators, lack of managerial support and fear and insecurity.The research also found that the managers can help alleviate the situation by taking a more dynamic role, making themselves available to the employees, setting clear targets, giving clear directions and guidance for achieving targets, and by showing their support and commitment to the employees. The managers can encourage employees, even when there are no external motivators, by simply showing their concern and by being honest and open with them.The research, therefore, concluded with a list of these recommendations that the organizations can follow in order to keep their employees motivated even during the cr isis.The economic and financial crisis of 2008/9 led to massive changes in the understanding of how business and organizations needed to be run. While there were very drastic implications for all, like job losses, pay cuts and loss of benefits and incentives, there were also several lessons that were learned about people management and work culture. Though the crisis may well have receded, there is widespread unemployment and loss of investor confidence that is dampening any prospects of growth. Employees have been seeing a downturn in their prospects due to non-availability of alternative jobs as well as due to lack of interests that their organization may be showing in retaining them.

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical Essay - 5

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications - Essay Example Based on such a perspective, this paper analyses the managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications associated the shortage of nurses in the industry. As already mentioned above, nurses indeed play a crucial role in the provision of healthcare services in the industry. Such an aspect is evident based on the fact that nurses usually have a direct link to patients, who are ideally the greatest stakeholders in the sector (Huber, 2006). Considering the significance of the nurses in the sector, any shortage would indeed substantively pose great challenges towards service delivery in the industry. On the managerial perspective, it is clear that the success of any organization is usually linked to the managerial capabilities. With increased shortage of nurses, the quality of service in the sector is obviously expected to deteriorate, which would then negatively affect the managerial performance of the industry (Huston, 2009). Financially, there is indeed another great challenge that the industry faces as a result of the shortage of nurses. Like in many other sectors, better finances are usually attributed to better performance as customers are in most instances attracted by quality service provisions. Based on such a perspective, it is substantively clear that with the shortage of service providers, the quality of service is likely to reduce marginally. Shortage of nurses means that the few available nurses are overwhelmed with the duties they are expected to perform thereby causing distress in their performances. Once distressed, the nurses are then unable to perform at their best, therefore, reducing the quality of services (Cowen and Moorhead, 2011). With reduced quality of service delivery, fewer individuals would be seeking for medical services from a facility that faces a shortage of the service providers, an aspect, which would affect the financial

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive Dissonance - Essay Example "Cognitive dissonance is a motivational state brought about when a person has cognitive elements that imply the opposite of one another" (Wicklund and Brehm 10). In the search to understand the causes of events, people seem disposed to explain them in terms of the personal characteristics of those associated with the events. First, explaining events in terms of persons permits a simpler organization of the world than does an extended and differentiated causal analysis. It is easier to view the person as the cause than to track down and keep in mind numerous other factors. Third, attribution to persons makes irreversible events appear to be reversible, even if only symbolically. For example, Wicklund and Brehm (2001) suggest that revenge is a symbolic reversing of events. A need for justice may promote attribution to persons in another way. In order to preserve a belief that the world is just, critics perceive those who receive good outcomes as good persons and those who receive bad o utcomes as bad. Lerner and his colleagues have gathered considerable support for this idea (Walster 87). There is the importance of both choice and high self-esteem for causing dissonance from engaging in harmful, attitudinal behavior. Only for people high in self-esteem, it is reasoned, would such an action be inconsistent with the self-concept and likely to produce dissonance. The theory could handle the results by arguing that, given choice, an outside observer would more confidently infer that the person truly disliked the victim if his conception of his personality was such that he could act confidently on his principles and beliefs. In any event, for present purposes the experiment demonstrates again that our own behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs can significantly affect liking for another person (Festinger 33). For instance, success and failure may be taken as signs of an individual's merits beyond what a rational analysis would call for. Outcomes may influence the esteem in which the person is held by others and that he feels for himself. The impact of the outcome on self-esteem may be greater to the extent that the outcome is attributed to the person. The desire to deny responsibility for bad outcomes, may really be the desire to protect self-esteem from the negative implication of producing bad effects. And taking credit for good acts can be regarded as an attempt to enhance self-esteem. Thus, cognitive dissonance may be a way to enhance or preserve self-esteem (Walster 87). In true cognitive dissonance, threat to self-esteem depends on two necessary factors. One is that the outcome must be attributed to the person. The other is that the attribution made must be relevant to the person's self-esteem. If either factor is absent, there is no threat. Critics and psychologists will call these factors the outcome/attribution factor and the attribution/self-esteem factor. If both are present to some degree, the threat to self-esteem depends on the strength of each factor. The threat is greater, the

Toshiba BSX8R Rewritable Printer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Toshiba BSX8R Rewritable Printer - Essay Example Technology: It is using special kind of paper such as thermal paper which is used in the earlier fax machines. These sheets are made by plastic and there is a heat sensitive pigment. When the heat is about 130-170 degree, the color will be turned into white and thus the image will be erased. The printer first introduced in Japan. And company scared about venturing it in other market. "We're going to approach customers to see if there's an interest in the technology,' said Keane, who also admitted that the technology's limitations mean it 'will never trickle down to a consumer product." (Toshiba Rewrites Printer Rules with Reusable Paper). The company estimated they will launch the product in Europe only after the middle of 2007. And it will be done only after the critical analysis of the market and full fledged back support. "One thing that may put European consumers off is the cost. According to Toshiba's commercial manager for printers and related products, Michael Keene, the company is still some way off setting its European and UK pricing." (Barker). Environment friendly: "Toshiba is touting reduced CO2 emissions created during the paper production process. Traditional paper manufacture and waste creates 6.5kg of CO2 emissions per 1,000 sheets, compared to 1kg for the same quantity of rewritable paper pages." (Toshiba Printer Erases and Reprints on a Single Sheet). Since there are several problems associated with the op... Company is able to find a niche market in the initial stage itself. They are focusing on the commercial entities rather than single customers. And their product specification is suitable for that. Weakness: High cost: Since there are several problems associated with the operation of the printer, the company considering the launching as test marketing. The company finds its customers who need of more copies but having a shorter life period. Thus the main target market is the commercial entities rather than single customer. Work instructions, picking list, shipping instructions, inventory slips and process checklists etc. are the main beneficiaries Poor Technology: It is using old technology of thermal printer technology which is using in 1970 and 1980s. The printer using approximately 300C and the critics believe that this will offset the environmental goal. Another criticism was the inconvenience for handling the paper. Even after the erasing the previous content, there is a shadow in the paper. And if the paper is in the day light for a longer period the image will be permanently fixed. Again it should be collected separately and if it uses for several times it should be washed with a separate washing machine in order to remove the dust and other wastes. And it cannot be folded, or toned. If any damage is in the paper, the image also will not be quality one. Since these several problems are associated with the printer, there is need for monitoring also. (Barker; Toshiba Printer Erases and Reprints on a Single Sheet). Opportunity: As a pioneer in the field Toshiba can skim the market before others enter the arena Threat: The

Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Pollution - Essay Example The high altitude trees in the Rocky Mountains feel the impact of the air pollution emitted in Beijing, China. To determining the most rational approach to controlling air pollution, the worldviews of Environmental Wisdom and Planetary Management can help decide who has responsibility for the air we breath and what are the benchmarks for quality. Both worldviews rely on the tenet that our resources are valuable and require constant attention to provide sustainability and quality of life. However, they differ greatly on their approach, philosophy, and degree of optimism in technology. The Environmental Wisdom worldview takes the stance that the human race is a part of nature and must show an equal respect for all plants and animals in the world. Environmental Wisdom believes technology and economics are limited and there must be a sustainable cooperation with the earth to be able to sustain our resources. The Planetary Management worldview believes that man is the dominant life form on Earth and humans have a right to exploit the Earth's resources to assure their well being. Planetary Management has a high degree of optimism in both technology and economics. ... A major air pollutant that has been at the center of controversy are the CO2 emissions that come from burning fossil fuels. Environmental Wisdom believes that the Earth's fragile ecosystem is threatened by global warming and there is a need to curtail the use of this energy source. It has recently been reported that rising global temperatures have been responsible for the spread of the Asian Hornet which is known to destroy the hives of honeybees (Allen). Loss of the pollination done by honeybees could result in a 26 percent reduction in the US's available food supply (Young). Environmental Wisdom sees the need to reduce CO2 emissions and protect the habitat of the honeybee. The CO2 that is emitted in Beijing has a direct effect on the quality of food in the US. While we may be able to live with a short supply of copper, Environmental Wisdom contends that there is no substitute for quality air. Planetary Management advocates would view the problem of CO2 emissions as a temporary problem that will be solved by science. The air could be cleansed of excessive CO2 with new scientific discoveries and an economic stimulus to develop the technique. In fact, researchers are already developing a method to strip our the CO2 from the polluted air, liquefy it, and bury it underground (Haszeldine). This would allow man to continue to deplete the fossil fuel resources and manage the polluting by-products of its use. Planetary management would have less concern for the complex eco-systems, such as honeybees, that may be threatened or eradicated by global warming. These would simply be further challenges to our technology and inventiveness. In conclusion, all the people on the earth

Offer and Acceptance. Intension to Create Legal Relations Essay

Offer and Acceptance. Intension to Create Legal Relations - Essay Example A survey was conducted and thus it objectively appears that the offer was genuine and that Belinda believed that the offer was genuine. The offer and acceptance also appear to meet the requirement that a valid acceptance must mirror the terms of the offer.3 On the facts of the case for discussion, Belinda accepted Tom’s offer as they were presented to her. Therefore it can be argued that a valid offer and acceptance was made. The question is therefore whether or not Belinda was free to withdraw her acceptance. Only if the acceptance was subject to the condition that Belinda receives a satisfactory survey would allow her to withdraw her acceptance. However the condition must be clearly stated as a prerequisite for acceptance.4 Based on the facts of the case for discussion, the offer and acceptance were both unconditional. Given that the offer and acceptance were both made pursuant to the common law rules for valid offer and acceptance, Belinda has entered into legally binding c ontract with Tom. ... There is a presumption however, that agreements between social and family groups are not generally binding contracts.6 In Balfour v Balfour, it was held however, that where there are arrangements and agreements between close members of a social or family group, the presumption that there is no intention to create legal relations is a rebuttable presumption.7 The presumption can be rebutted by evidence to the contrary.8 The loan syndicate between Matt, Mark, Luke and Jon is arguably an arrangement between a close social group as they are colleagues and the arrangement has nothing to do with their work. The presumption that as a social group there is no intention to create legal relations can be rebutted if it can be shown that by joining the syndicate and trusting the ticket purchases and collection of winnings to another member of the syndicate, the parties were putting themselves at a disadvantage. The disadvantage arises because, they could have purchased the winning lottery ticket themselves and collected their own winnings. It was held in Parker v Clark that the presumption can be rebutted where a party to the agreement is disadvantaged by the agreement.9 A similar arrangement occurred in Simpkins v Pays. In this case, a woman together with her granddaughter and tenant agreed to enter a competition as one entrant under the woman’s name and that any winnings would be shared between them. However, when the woman collected the winnings she decided against paying the tenant a share of the receipts. It was held that when the parties shared the competition fee there was an intention to create legal relations and thus there was a legally binding contract.10 It