Alternative Beverages Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternative Beverages Industry - Case Study Example People who associate with strenuous activities and sports are inclined to purchasing sports drinks, which are said to help them reenergize and enhance their capability to participate in their respective activities. The ‘mature’ or adult consumers have the vitamin-enhanced beverages, which are said to boost their health as they help them supply the body with vitamins. Energy drinks’ and readymade teas’ target the teenagers, as they seem to assist improve their concentration. In the alternative beverages industry, Pepsi faces stiff competition from its rival company, Coca Cola, and other players with a smaller market share. These include Monster Beverage and Red Bull, which are companies that developed unique brands and advertised them well to earn a fair share of the market (Esterl, 2013). Alternative Beverage Market in the U.S The economic recession back in 2008 dealt a heavy blow to the alternative beverages market. Though there were many opportunities for key players in the alternative beverages segment, demand for the highly priced commodities decreased due to the poor economy. In between 2008 and 2009, sports drinks’ sales declined by thirteen percent and the sale of vitamin-enhanced drinks declined by twelve percent. In 2009, sixty percent sales of alternative beverages were made from sports drinks, followed by sales of energy drinks at twenty-three percent and finally vitamin-enriched drinks, which accounted for eighteen percent. 2008 and 2009 were slow years for the alternative beverages industry in the United States as they did not experience growth but market forecast experts predicted a six percent growth by 2015 (Harder, 2013). Organizations lobbying for health diets attributed conditions such as obesity and diseases like diabetes to the overconsumption of carbonated soft drinks. This has influenced many Americans to consume healthy food thus shying from carbonated soft drinks and moving to alternative beverages. Thi s trend saw companies such as Pepsi create several brands of alternative beverages and this helped cushion the company from dropping sales of carbonated soft drinks (Datamonitor, 2007). Global Alternative Beverage Market In 2005, the alternative beverage market experienced growth that resulted to a value increase of twenty seven billion dollars. In 2009, the industry’s value increased to reach a global value of forty billion dollars and the experts projected a fifteen billion dollar increase by 2014. Consumer preferences had changed due to emphasis on healthy diets thus reducing the market share of carbonated soft drinks, which held forty-eight percent of the market. Data shows that consumers preferred alternative beverages to carbonated soft drinks, which translated to a two percent decline for the latter in 2009. From 2005 to 2009, the global market value of alternative beverages had grown by nine percent and forecasts targeted a nine percent growth by 2014. The United Stat es held a forty-two percent market-share of the alternative beverages, followed by Asia with a thirty one percent and finally Europe with twenty three percent (Harder, 2013). Five Forces Model Firms in other industries offering substitute products There are many companies offering alternative beverages besides PepsiCo. These are Coca Cola, Monster beverages, Red Bull and other smaller players. With all these competitors and their substitute alternative bever

Ethical decsion making and the responsibilities and the conflicts of Term Paper

Ethical decsion making and the responsibilities and the conflicts of responsibilities of an administrator - Term Paper Example â€Å"Decision making ethics is an area of ethics which pertains to making decisions† (Smith). Decision-making ethics are not limited to any specific area or industry, rather it is applicable to all fields of life including medical practices, teaching practices, schooling, and in solving workplace conflicts. Smith asserts, â€Å"Ethics are standards of conduct which can be applied to a wide range of situations, from medical practice to running a major company†. Making a decision is routine activity in the life of any person. A person takes many decisions in life regarding different matters and issues. An important thing in this regard is to analyze the positive and negative consequences of the decisions before their implementation because without proper analysis, a decision may not bring expected benefits to the people. Incorporation of ethics in the decisions is very important because it makes the decision justified and logical for every person. The practice of ethical decision-making not only makes people identify decisions with ethical impact but also makes them know how they can take an ethical and fair decision regarding any specific matter. ... litarian Approach Administrators can make use of the utilitarian approach to take such ethical decisions, which should bring maximum benefits and minimum risks to the people involved in the conflict. The focus of this approach is to increase the number of benefits for the people and reduce the harmful aspects of the decision. It is a very positive approach towards decision-making because it makes the administrators take ethical decisions to solve the problems. The Virtue Approach Using this approach, administrators take such actions, which should be able to embody the character strengths of the people involved in the conflict. This approach helps administrators take such decisions, which focus character strengths rather than individual duties and responsibilities towards resolution of the conflicts. The Common Good Approach The focus of this approach towards ethical decision-making is to help administrators take such decision, which should be able to improve the quality of life of th e people involved in the conflicts. Using this approach, administrators take effective steps to bring improvement in the quality of life. Administrators find different ways to resolve the issues and use the most practical and ethical way to end the conflicts between different people. The Fairness Approach It is one of the widely used approaches towards ethical decision-making. Using this approach, administrators examine different ways to treat people fairly without any bias. This approach is closely linked with providing justice to the people. Administrators make use of this approach to take ethical and fair decisions based on actual causes of conflicts. Cooper’s Approach towards Decision-Making According to Terry Cooper, the ideal outcome of a decision is reached when the administrator

Concepts Of Leadership And Management Assignment

Concepts Of Leadership And Management Assignment 1.0 Introduction Leadership and management practices are useful to individuals success and that of our organisation. For the benefit of this training programme which is to improve leadership and management in the organisation, this material will equip us on ways to obtain professional information on leadership and management and serve as a self-study exercise for us to have knowledge of basic management and leadership skills which can be applied at various departments in our organisation. It will also make us understand the theories of leadership and management, how to improve motivation and performance through the application of relevant leadership skills and the development and effectiveness of teams. At the end of the training programme, I expect us to see leadership and management skills and practices as a tool of driving the organisation to further development and success. 1.1 Analysis of the concepts of leadership and management Leadership can be defined as a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organisation in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders are developing through a never ending process of self-study, education, training and experience. While leadership is learned, the skills and knowledge possess by the leaders can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits such as beliefs, values, ethics and characters. To inspire someone working under us into higher ground of teamwork, there are certain things we must be, know and do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work practices. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve the leadership skills in them. Directors of banks do set-up sales target for each of the branches at the beginning of financial year and new products are normally added to the services of the organisation. This shows that goals and objectives have been put in place for followers to work towards. Through this, the sales will be improved and new customers will join the service of the bank considering the new products introduced by the leadership teams. Managers are important group involved in business activity. We normally believe that managers are responsible for getting things done usually through other people. When job roles are giving to us, our respective line managers normally help us in achieving this either through supervision or working together with us. The term manager may refer to a number of different people within a business. Some job titles include the word manager, such as personal manager. Other job holders may also be managers even though their titles do not say it. Managers act on behalf of the owners of a company which is leader. They are accountable for the activities of the company either to the director or shareholders, set objectives for the organisation; make sure the business achieves its objectives, by managing others and ensure that corporate values are maintained in dealing with other business, customers, employees and the general public. It is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired go als and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. As a manager in one of the branches, a lot of means will be laid down to achieve the target that has been put in place by the leader such as help (conference/lecture or training) to make other staffs see the big picture of how they are fitted into the plan and achieving it. Management texts contain leadership. Actually, leadership is an important function of management and it is mentioned as one of the five functions of management (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Leading or Directing and Control). Both roles are very much tied to human interactions and thus personalities and traits are essential requirements. Also, leadership and management exists at every level of management, however, the amount of each varies according to the management hierarchy. For example, the board of this organisation has more of a leadership task which is to provide vision to the company and plan to achieve it, while the head of any department rarely goes beyond determining what the next task should be. Leadership and management task within the organisation depends upon how much it allows for leadership in a particular role? As we all know, our organisation was established to provide effective, efficient and affordable health care delivery services to the people in this locality and beyond. The location also positioned it to become a notable centre for the treatment of accident victims. Also, our objectives include making provision for: A full range of hospital and specialist services to the community; clinical facilities for the education of medical and other students; facilities for medical research etc. For, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital to grow and remain healthy, we have to know some elementary skills of management and leadership-skills that will assist us to avoid the crisis situation where we need to do whatsoever that will make us excel in all our services. These elementary skills of management and leadership consist problem solving and decision making, planning, meeting management, delegation, communications and managing ourselves. These basic skills are also fundamental from which to develop more advanced practices in management and leadership. Whenever organisations leaders struggle, its often because they do not know the basics – not because they arent doing what they supposed to do in implementing basic practices in management and leadership. Knowledge and skills contributes directly to the process of leadership and management while other attributes give the leader and manager certain qualities that make them different. Skills, knowledge and attributes make the leader or manager, which is one of the factors of leadership and management. The leadership and management process of an organisation involves-developing a vision for the organisation; aligning people with that vision through communication; and motivating people to action through empowerment and through basic need fulfilment. The leadership process creates uncertainty and change in the organisation. In contrast, the management process involves-planning and budgeting; organizing and staffing; and controlling and problem solving. The management process reduces uncertainty and stabilizes the organisation. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard give better explanation of the difference between leadership and management. Leadership is not a concept exclusive to or within management. It is a broader concept on its own. Management is thought of as a special kind of leadership in which the accomplishment of organisational goals is paramount. Leadership is influencing the behaviour of someone. Management is planning an objective and achieving that objective. Leadership requires a follower and a leader has to figure out how to influence the follower. Manager has to figure out an objective and theoretically, he may do the job himself and manage the objective. Managers have large number of people under them and they have to lead them to do the work assigned them as part of the organisations plan to achieve the objectives while one can accept leadership as a concept which has utility as a concept separate from management. 1.2 Evaluation of the key management and leadership theories Management and leadership theories focus on what qualities distinguish between leaders and followers in an organisation. For instance, development of the plan for our organisation started with a leadership and management retreat. The aims were to engender a harmonious industrial climate through inter-union, inter-association, inter-staff, and staff association-management interaction and to provide a forum for the leaders and managers to deliberate and proffer advice on pertinent issues of management to enable us move the institution forward. Participants were the Chairman, Board of Management, the Chief Medical Director and other members of staffs. There were lecture, workshop and group activities. The objectives were with the full realization because the staffs are not ignorant and fully participated. This practice looked at variables such as situational factor and skill levels. The participative style of leadership explained by Rensis Likart theories of leadership which encourages decision making by subordinates and their leadership style that involves employee-centred leader were employed. Our organisation also used Blake and Mouton theories of leadership that explained the degree to which a leader considers the needs of team members, their interest, and area of personal development, emphasises objectives, organisational work output and great productivity when deciding the best ways to accomplish a task. This plan would have been carried out without considering various union/staffs relations by our leaders/managers thereby having different management and leadership styles/theories differs from that stated above. 1.3 Assessment of the challenges of leadership and management practices We are usually faced by some challenges such as low level of funding; recruitment exercise; opening of new hospital offices/complex; social policy directives; and developments in ICT. Our leaders and managers have the ability to sense change and respond to it effectively. They have been able to predict a decline of health care delivery services due lack of a new technique being available in other hospitals; anticipate possible solutions to changes that may affect the organisation; have a clear vision of the main objectives of the organisation during periods of change and be able to guide the organisation to achieve these; organise and motivate employees to accept challenges and ensure stability and minimise or prevent disruption. For example, there were challenges of delivering adequate health care services to the people of the community some years back, the leaders and the managers quickly identified the symptoms that have caused these challenges. Among these were low productivity and high labour turnover. As soon as these challenges were identified, managers and leaders found the cause of the trouble and developed a strategy for better status of the organisation. Strategies they employed for good status of the organisation include changing people-through hiring and firing, reassignments of duties, training, pay increases or counselling. They also carried out restructure work through job redesign, job enrichment and redefinition of roles. Systems were also improved. These include communication systems, reward systems, information and reporting systems, budgets and stock control. 2.1 Analysis of the key motivational theories and how they influence organisational success It is important for any organisation to motivate its employees. The motivational theories of Maslow, McGregor, McClelland and Herzberg explain content theories of motivation. They simply explained the specific factors that motivate people. They answer the question what drives behaviour? Also, Vroom, Porter and Lawler, and Adams explain process theories of motivation. They are concerned with the thought processes that influence behaviour. If employees are watched closely, fear of wage cuts or redundancy may force them to maintain their effort even though they are not motivated. This is negative motivation. A lack of motivation may lead to reduced effort and lack of commitment. In the long run, a lack of motivation may result in high levels of absenteeism, industrial disputes and falling productivity and profit for the organisation. Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital management has been acting according to Fredrick Herzbergs theory of motivation by being giving recognition for effort o f its staff. We are normally taking into consideration in everything the management of this organisation embark upon! This is a kind of motivation that simply gives us job satisfaction and thereby makes the workers more productive. Herzbergs ideas are linked with job enrichment. This is where workers have their jobs expanded, so that they can experience more of their job process. Improved maintenance factors such as pay or conditions also remove dissatisfaction of staffs. For example, better canteen facilities within our organization make workers less dissatisfied about the environment. All these allow the workers to be more involved and motivated. 2.2 Evaluation of the role of leadership and management in employee motivation It is important for leaders and managers to find out what satisfies the needs of its employees? Organisations have found out that even if employees are satisfied with pay and condition of work, they still complain that their employer does not do a good job in motivating them. Motivation is vital because even at the most fundamental level, it is expensive to get another set of staff than that to keep existing one. Employees want to be involved and regarded and making them happy means they will be at service of the organisation for longer period. Have it in mind that at most not convenient time, leader and manager need to motivate staff. If our employees are doing well and assisting to drive the organisation forward, In this case, we do let them know how much we cherish them on regular basis. Whenever we offer them any gifts or passed any information that is of their advantage across both works equally well. This shows, we put them in mind. If our staffs enjoy socializing with us like they do working with us, then we are doing something good and right. It is important that you lead by good characters when there is an issue with staff, if you expect your employees to work late, then you should stay at work too for such period. At the same time, if you dont want staff coming in at 10am on first working day of the week, then make sure youre at work very early. Its not always about hours of working; show your staff respect and you will hopefully get it back. They will observe you on the way you discus with people around and act in same circumstances, so it is important to behave in the way you will like them to behave as well. Investing in employee is paramount, not only will it mean we are getting the best and latest in the organisation but they will appreciate us for being able to develop under our cares. We make sure we fully research courses to send our employee on to acquire the full training. It is equally good to get feedback from employee on how the course has improved their standard individually. Communicating with our employee is high on our list of priorities. Most of them like a leader or manager they can easily reach whenever there are problems. We do hold frequent job discussion with our employee to make sure they are most happy, doing on good and arent confused about anything. Apart from this, we do communicate with our employee everyday. Exchanging greetings are simple motivational techniques but can make a world of difference. The figure below explains how our leaders and managers make decisions for employees motivation, having first identified the employees needs. Revise Incentive Identify the need/ motivation motivation Result/ Outcome Satisfaction If need is not satisfied Identify the need/motivation – our organisation try as much as possible for employee to be involved in decisions so that they can feel wanted and recognised as important to the company Incentive – Set up discussion with employees about goals and working practices of the organisation Satisfaction – This is a situation where the employee feels their opinion and contribution is valuable Result and Outcome – By meeting above condition, the employee are willing to take more responsibility 2.3 Analysis of the contribution of performance management techniques as organisational processes Managers use performance management techniques to test employees working status on a regular basis. By examining each employees performance, our organisation also measures the overall effectiveness of its workforce and how well the company achieves its objectives. Assigning roles to workers that improve their strengths is a difficult job. Workforce optimisation is a plan to put the right people in the best job roles to maximize their work output. By doing regular appraisals, our leaders and managers easily track employees performance and suggest if they need more training or if they could be more productive with different responsibilities. Another performance management technique we usually employ is compensation package. Overall morale always increase most especially when the employee sees the process to be fair. A happy worker is a hard worker. Incentive-based programs that permit the employee in using less paper or being energy efficient both save on our expenses and the employees are rewarded for putting forth the extra energy needed. The fewer costs our organisation has, the more profit it realizes. 3.1 Analysis of the development of teams Organisations often try to improve the productivity and motivation of people working in groups/teams. The planned, systematic process designed to improve the efforts of people who work together to achieve goals is referred to as development of teams. Team can be described as an internally organized set of people with specific roles for different members to achieve a specific goal while group can be referred to as a collection of people with something in common, such as being in the same place or having their individuals interest. Meredith Belbin (1981) found that successful teams consisted of a mix of individuals, each of whom performed a different role. For instance, monitoring and evaluation team that was set up under the chief medical directors office is a kind of team of different calibers and positions within our organisation. They work on projects with specific term of reference and present biannual and annual reports with veritable indices to the leadership of this organisation. This is not like working in a group; working in a team entails accountability rather than individual accountability and results in a joint work products. The characteristic and goals of the individual members of the team helped to determine the teams characteristics and goals. .According to Belbin, each person has a preferred role and for a team to be effective, all the roles need to be filled. Our organisation selects people that are capable to fill one or more of the roles. Individual member of the team was influenced more st rongly because of their role. This is unlike group with large number of people where very few people take part in the project while others are not and unable to participate effectively in team decisions. Effectiveness of team depend s on the blend of the individual skills and abilities of its members. Team development is based on the idea that before organisations can improve performance, team members must be able to work together effectively. This exercise is used to help team members develop trust, open up communication channels, make sure everyone understood the goals of the team, help individuals make decisions with the commitment of all members, prevent the leader from dominating the team, openly examine and resolve conflicts and to review work activities. 3.2 Analysis of the roles and models of team leadership Leadership of teams must get members of team to work with each other. This is one method that involves low levels of risk among members. The role of team leader include to be able able to organise joint projects or some form of exchange between members of the team. The leaders of the team work together or exchange roles with members for this approach to be effective. This is one method that involves low levels of risk among members. The working spirit was further developed by communication and swapping of team members. This technique was used when our organisation took over the challenges of training medical students from another medical institution and there is a need to avoid conflict. These ideas develop social interaction among the employees. Keeping every single activity connected to the others help team leaders and organisation to achieve what they actually planed. Members are enjoying while performing their roles and are also discovering something new about themselves, their co-workers, and the organisation as a whole. Researching and learning about the team current issues definitely help team leaders in creating the actual activities that the members can participate-in. This affords lapses of any kind for members not to participate in the activities of the team. 3.3 Evaluation of the role and usefulness of teams within the organisation The leader of any team of an organisation aims to create team/group that is effective and efficient. If the team leader or organisation can motivate the team members to work harder in order to achieve goals, the sense of pride in the teams own competence will create job satisfaction for the leadership of the team/team members and employees in general. Looking at the opportunities given to the employees of our organisation and most especially in most units or teams that has so far set- up, the participants are willing to carry out responsibilities for the betterment of the organisation. In some instance, membership of units or teams can be made up of top officials of an organisation which may not interest ordinary employees of the organisation. The introduction of different units or teams in our organisation has contributed immensely for the achievement of our goals and objectives. In term of motivation, employees in team situations are more satisfied and motivated than when we are working under more traditional regimes and have a positive influence on employee commitment and identification. The team work also serves to gain competitive advantage over other organisations. Our organisations provide leaders and managers with legitimate authority to lead. There is need for individuals to imbibe this strong leadership and management trait for optimal effectiveness. In nowadays changing work environment, we need leaders that can challenge the status quo and inspire and persuade organisation members. We also need team leaders to assist in changing and improving a smoothly running place of work.

Modern Collegiate A Cappella Essay -- Music Art Cultural Essays Histor

Modern Collegiate A Cappella Introduction A cappella is a relatively young art form that is catching the interest of many people across the nation. The popular movement is believed to have been started in 1909, when part of the Yale Glee Club broke off and formed the Yale Whiffenpoofs, the first collegiate a cappella group; the Whiffenpoofs exist to this day, and the a cappella movement has only grown in popularity. Throughout the middle decades of the 20th century, professional a cappella groups attracted a lot of attention for their renditions of popular songs. As this new progressive style caught on, the a cappella art form evolved from its roots in harmonically complex barbershop quartets into a more modem and freely structured type of music. The trend-setting groups remained attentive to musicality, but left behind the rigidity commonly associated with barbershop performance. Songs like "Mr. Sandman," by the Chordettes, and "It Won't Be Very Long," by the Soul Stirrers, showed people that a cappella could be exciting and also that it could tackle a multitude of musical genres. The next big developments in a cappella came on the collegiate front. While professional groups retained their popularity, their numbers did not increase much toward the end of the 20th century. On the other hand, the number of college groups skyrocketed during this same time period. According to the Mainely A Cappella website's history of a cappella, since 1989, there have been about 20 new groups formed at schools across the nation every year. 1 This paper suggests that the reason for the drastic spike in collegiate interest in a cappella is because students began to realize the wide range of creative expression that can be achieve... ...ed methods of making music. 3 Quotation from Michael Kendall's "Philosophy of Music Education." See reference list. Works Cited: 1.Bethel College Website. Michael Kendall, "Philosophy of Music Education." http://www.bethelcollege.edu/acadb/und s/finearts/music/phil.htm. 2. Hemsley, Thomas. Singing and Imagination. Oxford University Press. 1998. 3. Mainely A Cappella website. "A Century of A Cappella." http://www.a-cappella.corn/misc/history.php. 4. Sawyer, Keith. Group Creativity – Music, Theater, Collaboration. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. 2003. 5. Singer, Irving. Feeling and Imagination – The Vibrant Flux of Our Existence. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2001. 6. Schoenherr, Steve. "Recording Technology History." http://history.acusd.edu/ mml#di ital. 7. Ward, Finke, Smith. Creativity and the Mind. Plenum Press. 1995.

Importance of Effective Communication

IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION In this age of competition communication is the number one problem of the management. Competition,  complex  methods  of  production,  large  scale  operations  and  specialisation  in  production  functions  have  increased  the  importance  of  communication. Without  effectivecommunication  a  manager  cannot  perform  his  duties  well. Communication  is  as  essential  to  business as blood is to the human body. Success of the communication system affects the successof business. The following points will prove its  importance in business: 1.Smooth  Working of a  Business Firm Communication is necessary for the successful smooth and unrestricted working of anenterprise. All organisational interaction depends upon working of an  enterprise. All organisationalinteraction depends upon communication. The manager co-ordinates the human and the physicalelements of an organisation into an  efficient and working unit that achieves common objectives. Beit an activity of purchase or sale or production or finance it is the process of communication thatmakes  cooperative  action  possible.The  internal  and  external  communication  process  of  anorganisation  decides  the  various  activities  to  be  done  and  various  objectives  to  be  achieved. â€Å"Communication is basic to an organisation’s existence from birth of the organisation through itscontinuing life when communication stops, organised activity ceases to exist. † 2. Basis of Managerial Function Communication  plays  an  important  role  in  discharging  the  various  functions  of  management. No function of management is possible without the communication process.Itsimportance in performing the various functions is as  follows:i. Planning : Planning the most important among the functions of management, require sextensive communication among the executives and the other personnel. Communication isimportant in executing a planned programme and then controlling the activities of the  personnel with the help of feedback information. ii. Organisation :  Organisation  is  the  second  important  function  of  management  whichdecides  the  various  activities  of  an  organisation,  divides  them  into  workable  units,delegates authority to perform the.For this purpose, communication is a must becausedifferent persons, departments and group come to know their powers and jurisdiction onlythrough an effective means  of communication. iii. Direction and Leadership : Direction and effective leadership requires an efficient systemof communication in an organisation. A good leader can direct or lead his subordinatesonly when an efficient system of communication is present. It brings both the leader andthe subordinates in close contact with each other and r emoves  misunderstanding if any. iv. Motivation An efficient system of communication enables management to change theattitude  of  the  subordinates  and  to  motivate,  influence  and  satisfy  them. Most  of  theconflicts in business are not basic but are caused by misunderstood motives and ignoranceof facts. Proper and timely communication between the interested parties, reduces the  points of friction and minimises those  that inevitably arise. v. Co-ordination : The present day big organisations, designed on the basis of specialisationand division of labour are constituted of a large number of people.In order to achieve thedesired objective, it is very necessary to co-ordinate the efforts of labour engaged in thevarious  activities  of  production  and  the  organisation. Co-ordination  requires  mutualunderstanding about  the  organisational goals  and the  mode of  their accomplishment;  andthe interrelationship betwee n the works being performed by various individuals. vi. Control : Communication aids in controlling the activities of the individuals departmentand groups. The facts standards and information are  communicated to the concerned partiesand they perform their respective obligations according to the standards set forth in the  plan. . Maximum Production at Minimum Cost Every organisation aims at getting the maximum output at the minimum cost and for this  purpose it requires an effective internal and external communication system. In the external field,and efficient communication system  helps in  improving public  opinion  having  contacts  withgovernment departments and getting market information in order to achieve the  primary goals. 4. Prompt Decision and  its Implementation In order to make prompt decisions, fact collecting process is necessary. Information must  be received before any meaningful decision and for this purpose communication is a primaryrequi rement.Again to  implement the  decision  effectively its  communication to  subordinatesconcerned is essential. Thus, decision-making and its implementation require and effective systemof communication. 5. Building Human Relations Man is the most active and effective factor of production and good human relations are the  basis  of  cooperation  and  industrial  peace  that  requires  good  working  conditions  and  work-environment. As  we  have  discussed  earlier  communication  is  a  two-way  traffic  which  helps  promote  cooperation  and mutual  understanding between the  two partners of  an  organisation.Efficient  downward  communication  helps  the  management  to  tell  the  subordinates  what  theorganisation wants and how it can be performed. On the other hand upward communication helpsthe workers in putting their grievances and suggestions and reactions to the policies, befor e themanagement. 6. Job-satisfaction and  Good Morale Morale is the human element that motivates a man to work in the right spirit. Goodcommunication removes the possibility of misunderstanding among the parties  concerned. Workersknow what they have to do and how it creates a sense of cooperation among them.It increases themorale of the workers and each worker will have job satisfaction. 7. Avoids Illusion While passing through various stages information may be distorted by interested partiesand many create illusion and misunderstanding among persons. Illusion is the great enemy of  communication. An  efficient  system  of  communication  aims  at  removing  illusions  andmisunderstanding by communicating facts and figures. 8. Contacts  with External  Parties Communication is essential not only for the internal management of the organisation but italso helps contacts with the outside world.Contact with outside agencies such as customers,associations,   other manufacturers, advertisers,  suppliers,  trade  unions,  research  councils  andinstitutions, etc. are necessary for furthering the interests of the organisation. It increases thegoodwill of the firm and helps in  creating a favourable public attitude towards the organisation. Steps to Make Communication Effective In order to remove barriers to communication an open door communication policy should  be prepared and followed by managers at all levels.The superiors in the organisation must createand atmosphere of confidence and trust in the organisation so that the credibility gap may benarrowed down. Major efforts in this direction are: 1. Two-way communication The  organisation’s  communication  policy  should  provide  for  a  two-way  traffic  incommunication upwards and downwards. It brings two minds closer and improves understanding  between the two parties the sender and  the receiver. A sound feedback system should be  int roducedin the organisation so that distortion in and filtering of messages should be avoided.There should  be no communication gap. 2. Strengthening Communication Network The communication network should be strengthened to make communication effective. For  this  purpose  the  procedure  of  communication  should  be  simplified,  layers  in  downwardcommunication should be reduced to the minimum possible. Decentralisation and delegation of  authority  should  be  encouraged  to  make information  communication  more efficient,  throughfrequent meetings, conferences and timely dissemination of information to the subordinates. 3. Promoting  Participative  Approach

You are ugly, too Analysis

Zoe seemed to be unsure about everything, including herself. She bought furniture then returned them because they didn't look like what her had expected. She doubt whether the Chinese symbols on the rug really meant Peace and Eternal Life as the salesgirl said. And she eventually returned the rug. She was not quite sure about herself as well. She worried that the woman she saw everyday was not herself: â€Å"Sometimes I looked puffer and plainer than she remembered. † Each time she was told that she looked like other people, she doubt more about her looking.Just by listing her actions and thoughts, the author successfully described Zoe as a cynical and possibly depressed character. Page 446, when she flew to NYC: Zoe revealed her trick to flying safe: never buying a discount ticket and telling yourself you have nothing to live for anyway. And even if the flight was safe, she suggested coming up with a persuasive reason to go on living. It sounded like Zoe always prepared herse lf for anything bad happens, like she really â€Å"had nothing to live for†. Zoe Conversation with Earl: In this story, the author Lorries Moore emphasized sexual relationships between an and woman.The conversation was impressed by how Zoe replied to Earl's talking. Earl tried really hard to talk about love and relationships, but eventually got beaten by Zoo's sarcastic replying. He said: â€Å"You know, I Just shouldn't try to go out with career women. You're all stricken. A guy can really tell what life has done to you. I do better with women who have part-time Jobs. † Zoo's past experience with three unrewarding relationships made her become alienated and desperate. Her situation Is a common for professional women at that time.

Global Warming Satire Essays

Global Warming Satire Essays Global Warming Satire Paper Global Warming Satire Paper Essay Topic: Global Warming With countless hours of having scientists research global warming it is apparent that global warming is not a problem at all. In fact everybody needs to see the clear fact that global warming is helping humanity in many numerous ways. The environment warming up, the ocean levels rising, and the increase in carbon dioxide are all benefits to the environment, economy, and society in general. As the world warms up people will not have to heat their house. This is beneficial in numerous aspects. Not only will this save homeowners and businesses money it will also use less natural gas, which can be saved for other things. Also, power plants will not have to produce as much electricity. This will reduce the amount of fossil fuels consumed by power plants, since the majority or power plants burn coal to produce electricity. With the temperatures on the rise, the icebergs and polar ice caps will be melting. This is but a miraculous thing. For one the coastline will go inland a couple hundred miles. Thus people who have property along the new coast ill have an increase in property value, due to their property now being beachfront property. Also fruits that thrive close to the coastline, such as citrus fruits, would flourish close to the new coastline, bringing fruits closer to other places and reducing the cost of shipping the fruits. This would reduce the amount of impoverished countries around the world. Not to mention, with no more icebergs or polar ice caps, naval passage with be much easier. Captains will not have to worry about running into any icebergs, and recreating another titanic experience. : As the carbon dioxide levels in the air increase, plant growth would also show an increase. Since plant growth will be on the rise the price on fruits and vegetables will decrease, also producing enough food to help end world hunger. With plant growth on the rise the plant industry will fully benefit. Everybody yard will flourish and look extravagant, relieving the stress of having to worry about how your yard looks, ultimately saving families thousands of money so that they dont have to maintain their yard. Global warming should be looked upon as a blessing rather than a ruder. It is time for humankind to stop degrading global warming and start praising it. Global warming obviously has more positive outcomes than the negative ones. With property values increasing, plant growth increasing, food prices decreasing and world hunger diminishing why would anyone complain about global warming? Who wouldnt want global warming? Its a magnificent event that we should all be looking forward to. (Especially 34 generations down the line. Theyll receive the most outcomes out of it. Lucky them. )

Rainforrest Deforrestation and Its Impact on Society essays

Rainforrest Deforrestation and Its Impact on Society essays Tropical rainforests cover 5 to 6 percent of the earths surface and they are disappearing at an alarming rate. Many ecologists, scientists, and even rock stars and countless other people all over the world have formed groups to help ease the destruction of the tropical rainforests. Many of these groups are trying to repair the damage that has already occurred as a result of this destruction. Most of the deforestation of the rainforests that we see today is through carelessness, and large corporations striving to make a profit. Today there are more than 150 activists groups that are concerned about the rainforests livelihood. Over consumption and overpopulation are the two main ways in which the destruction of the rainforests are destroyed. The United States is the largest user of natural resources and America contributes to more the destruction of the rainforests than any other country. In addition, the population of the world has grown exponentially over the last few decades, which has called for more use of natural resources to support the billions of people inhabiting our earth now. Every year an area the size of the state of Florida is destroyed. Many of the effects of the destruction are evident and some of these effects are long term. In the past, the people that are native to the tropical countries where the rainforests exist have cut down the trees in order to build homes, furniture, and to use as firewood. This use of the trees from the rainforest had had a minimal impact on the ecosystem of the rainforests. The trees used by the natives would regenerate themselves due to natural process, commonly known as Mother Nature. However, as of late, the individuals that are causing the destruction are not the natives, but rather people outside of the countries where the rainforests exists. For decades the natives have lived in harmony wit...

Breast Is Best Essay Research Paper Breast

Breast Is Best Essay, Research Paper Breast Is Best Breast eating non merely provides the perfect nutrient and nutrient bringing system for babies, it is besides the most household friendly pick a new female parent can do.# 8220 ; Human breast milk contains at least one hundred ingredients non found in cow # 8217 ; s milk and that can non be precisely duplicated in commercial expression # 8221 ; ( Eisenburg 3 ) . As a babe grows and alterations, chest milk automatically individualizes itself for each baby. The foods in chest milk alter themselves to suit the babe # 8217 ; s demands. Breast milk is more easy digested than cow # 8217 ; s milk or expression. # 8220 ; The sum of protein in female parent # 8217 ; s milk ( 1.5 % ) is lower than in cow # 8217 ; s milk ( 3.5 % ) ( Brockport 1 ) , doing it gentler on the baby # 8217 ; s tummy. Soy milk expressions are even further in composing from what nature intended. Brockport besides points out that # 8220 ; an baby that has been breast fed is less likely to go fleshy and it lower s the opportunity of fleshiness later in life # 8221 ; ( 2 ) . Virtually no babe is allergic to breast milk, while # 8220 ; beta-lactoglobulin, a Smith 2 substance contained in cow # 8217 ; s milk can trip an allergic reaction which can be life endangering # 8221 ; ( Denmark 1 ) . Some suspect this to be the cause of certain instances of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Denmark states that # 8220 ; for every 87 unnaturally fed babes who die from SIDS, merely three chest Federal babes die from SIDS # 8221 ; ( 1 ) . Nursed babes are about neer constipated because of the easier digestibleness of chest milk. Breast fed babes are less likely to endure from gripes, gas, and inordinate ptyalizing up. They besides seldom have diarrhea-since chest milk seems to destruct some diarrhoea doing beings and to promote the growing of good vegetations in the digestive piece of land, which further discourages digestive disturbance. Large sums of Na are hard for a babe # 8217 ; s kidneys to manage. Breast milk contains one-third the mineral salts of cow # 8217 ; s milk, therefore doing it soft to the kidneys. There is less phosphoric in chest milk every bit good. The higher P content of cow # 8217 ; s milk is linked to a reduced Ca degree in the expression fed infant # 8217 ; s blood. Breast Federal babes are far less likely to go sick during the first twelvemonth than expression fed babes. # 8221 ; The transportation of immune factors in chest milk and in the pre-milk substance, foremilk, provides partial protection. Every clip chest fed babies suckle at their female parent # 8217 ; s chest from the first clip to the last ; they are acquiring a healthy dosage of anti-bodies to bolster their unsusceptibility to Smith 3 disease # 8221 ; ( Eisenburg 54 ) . One recent survey suggest # 8221 ; there may besides be a reduced hazard of childhood malignant neoplastic disease in chest Federal babies # 8221 ; ( Eisenburg 55 ) . Breast Federal babes are well-fed since chest eating plants by supply and demand. The more the babe nurses the greater the female parent # 8217 ; s milk production. Overall, babes that are breast Federals have less wellness jobs than babes that are unnaturally fed. # 8220 ; They have three times fewer ear infections, five times fewer urinary piece of land infections, five times fewer serious unwellnesss and seven times fewer allergic reactions. Babies who are fed mother # 8217 ; s milk entirely, for at least their first 26 hebdomads, are six times less likely to develop lymphoma ( a type of malignant neoplastic disease ) in childhood, and babes breast fed for at least one twelvemonth are merely half as likely to develop diabetes # 8221 ; ( Sears 41 ) . Breast milk can get down a life-time of good wellness for a babe. As grownups, people who were breast Federals have: less asthma, diabetes, fewer tegument upsets, fewer allergic reactions, lowered hazard of bosom onslaught due to take down cholesterin degrees, fewer ulcers, less Crohn # 8217 ; s disease, and protection from certain chronic liver diseases. Breast milk encourages proper development. It promotes # 8220 ; good jaw development # 8221 ; , which has an advantage to proper tooth development and alliance, and # 8220 ; active usage of oral cavity and lingua while breast-feeding encourages proper address development. Switch overing babe from right to go forth arm Smith 4 while feeding promotes balanced oculus musculuss # 8221 ; ( Dermer 1 ) . In add-on, Dermer states that # 8220 ; breast milk enhances structural development of the oculus and allows growing and development of babe # 8217 ; s encephalon and cardinal nervous system ( 2 ) . Recent surveies show higher IQ tonss for chest Federal kids, straight correlated with the length of clip they were breast Federal. Aside from the nutritionary, physical, and mental advantages of chest eating, the chest fed baby tends to be happier and more confident. Obvious are the chest eating advantages to the baby, but what about for the female parent? When a female parent chest feeds her babe, they bond. The skin-to-skin contact and interaction promotes adhering and enhances understanding and credence. A survey from a underdeveloped state found that when chest eating rates were increased among female parents with a important forsaking rate, fewer of these female parents abandoned their babes. Breast eating besides encourages feelings of peace, satisfaction, relaxation, and intimacy. Immediately after birth, the babe # 8217 ; s sucking causes perennial explosions of oxy-toxin to be released which in bend contracts the womb. This protects the female parent from postpartum hemorrhaging every bit good as assisting the womb to return to its normal size, which finally aides the female parent in returning to her pre-pregnancy weight. Mothers who breast provender are at a lower hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Eisenburg tells us that # 8220 ; adult females nursing for a lifetime sum of two old ages lower Smith 5 their hazard before climacteric by 40 per centum. Nursing for six old ages lowers their hazard before climacteric by 66 per centum, and seven old ages of nursing lowers the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease throughout a adult female # 8217 ; s life-time to about zero # 8221 ; ( 55 ) . Breast eating besides lowers the hazard of other malignant neoplastic diseases such as ovarian and uterine malignant neoplastic diseases. On a lighter note, allow us non bury God # 8217 ; s natural chest augmentation which enhances the chests appearance far more dexterously than any sawbones # 8217 ; s manus.# 8220 ; Breast eating entirely, without solids or addendums, delays the oncoming of ovulation and monthly catamenial rhythms # 8221 ; ( Dermer 1 ) , which contributes significantly to household planning and child-spacing. In making this, the female parent is practising the lactactional amenorrhoea method which is over 98 per centum effectual in forestalling gestation the first six m onths postpartum. The degree of protection T biddy decreases in relation to the strength and frequence of suckling. In Senegal, where female parents breast provender for an norm of 19 months, and in Bangladesh, where female parents breast feed an norm of 31 months, births are at least two old ages apart. The child-spacing consequence of chest eating is particularly relevant to adult females for whom contraceptive method is unaffordable, unavailable, or unacceptable. Breast milk is readily available and convenient, no bottles to warm or formula to blend. In contrast, trust on bottle-feeding is peculiarly hazardous for households with low incomes and limited entree to clean H2O and fuel. Too Smith 6 frequently, taint occurs when bottles can non be decently sterilized, and malnutrition consequences when babes are bottle-fed liquids such as diluted juices or teas. The economic sciences of breast-feeding are besides of import to see. Breast- feeding saves households clip and money that would be spent on buying infant expression, bottles, wellness attention, and fuel. For illustration, # 8220 ; the mean cost of feeding a six-month old babe is eight hundred and 55 dollars for one twelvemonth # 8221 ; ( Brockport 3 ) , utilizing powdery expression. Concentrated and ready to utilize expressions be even more. This is equal to at least the mean family # 8217 ; s monthly per capita income in many developing states. On the norm, households spend two hundred dollars in wellness attention claims for the norm one twelvemonth old unnaturally fed babe. Because chest Federal babes are healthier than those who receive chest milk replacements, households save clip and money that would be spent on visits to wellness practicians and on buying medical specialties. In short, breast eating enables households to accomplish great autonomy, therefore cut downing their dependence upon commercial ( and interior ) merchandises. The painstaking individual should besides be sensitive to the effects chest eating has on the environment. Breast eating is ecologically sound since it uses merely renewable resources and produces merely biodegradable wastes. In Smith 7 contrast, bottle-feeding utilizations non-renewable resources such as Sn, plastic, glass and Si, and produces non-biodegradable wastes and pollution. Furthermore, while chest milk is produce locally and on demand, bottle-feeding merchandises are frequently transported considerable distances by transnational companies. Eisenburg points out that # 8220 ; Artificial milk involves ; overgrazing of land by cowss, usage of chemical fertilisers to turn the soy, usage of valuable environmental resources for expression production, packaging and transporting of the merchandise, usage of H2O and fuel in commixture and heating the merchandise, waste disposal of the tins, bottles, accoutrements, cartons, etc. Artificial eating additions social and personal wellness attention costs and harmfully effects the environment # 8221 ; ( 56 ) . Harmonizing to the Surgeon General of the United States, 30 to forty per centum of new female parents start off chest feeding their babes. The official end of the Surgeon General # 8217 ; s office is to duplicate the figure so that 70 five per centum of new female parents are breast-feeding. The adult females least likely to breast provender are low-income adult females. Unfortunately, these are the really adult females who are most likely to go corpulent after gestation and whose babes could most profit from the long-run wellness benefits of chest eating.# 8220 ; Ever since Eve put Cain to suckle for the first clip, breast-feeding has Smith 8 been coming of course to female parents and neonates. Right? Well, that is non ever the instance, at least non right off # 8221 ; ( McGough ) . Eisenberg would hold to this statement. Although nursing does come of course, he believes # 8220 ; It comes of course a small later for some female parents and babes than others # 8221 ; ( 58 ) . Sometimes there are physical factors that hamper those first few efforts ; at other times it # 8217 ; s merely a simple deficiency of experience of both participants. Whatever might be maintaining the babe and the chests apart, it won # 8217 ; t be long before they are in perfect sync, every bit long as the female parent doesn # 8217 ; t give up foremost. Some of the most reciprocally fulfilling breast-baby relationships begin with several yearss of fumbling, failed attempts, and cryings on both sides. As a first clip female parent I can associate to challenges of larning to breast-feed. I have a healthy, smart, good adjusted ( non to advert beautiful ) babe miss. I contribute a big portion of those qualities to breast-feeding. I was a chest babe myself, and upon larning that I was pregnant, I had really small vacillation in make up ones minding if I would follow in my female parent # 8217 ; s footfalls. I did extended research on the pros and cons of breast-feeding and came up with really few cons. I feel that chest eating my girl was the first and most of import gift I could give her, aside from love. The satisfaction that I received from nursing her far outweighs any incommodiousnesss that I might hold incurred. The comfort of cognizing that she was acquiring the best, most Smith 9 alimentary nutrient possible is an indefinable one, and the intimacy that we portion because of it is invaluable. Although I was merely able to nurse her for five months, I would non merchandise the experience or the benefits for anything. I hope to be able to nurse my following kid for a twelvemonth. Obstetricians, baby doctors, nurse-midwives, even makers of infant expression agree that breast-feeding is best. No affair how far engineering progresss, there will ever be some things that Mother Nature does best. As Oliver Wendell Holmes the Elder said over a century ago, # 8220 ; A brace of significant mammary secretory organs has the advantage over the two hemispheres of the most erudite professor # 8217 ; s encephalon in the art of intensifying a alimentary fluid for babies # 8221 ; ( 58 ) . Smith 10 Brockport. # 8220 ; Advantages of Breast-feeding # 8221 ; . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.acs.brockport.edu/~bb1368* . Page 1-3. Denmark.. # 8220 ; Breast-feeding for Good Health # 8221 ; Advertisement. Department of Health and Human Services. July 1999. Dermer, Alicia. # 8220 ; Breast-feeding: Good for Babies Mothers and The Planet # 8221 ; . hypertext transfer protocol: //medicalreporter.health.org* . page 1 A ; 2. Eisenburg, Heidi E. Murkoff, and Sandee E. Hathaway. What to Expect the First Year. New York: Workman, 1996. McGough, Patrick. Telephone interview. 13 July 1999. Sears, William. # 8220 ; Ensuring Baby # 8217 ; s Health. # 8221 ; Rearing. January 1998.

Risk Analysis and Hazard Mitigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Analysis and Hazard Mitigation - Essay Example In this case, my organization’s building complex is the project for which risk mitigation actions are required. First, the project is to be subjected to a thorough risk assessment individually by the project management personnel. The risks assessed are to be compiled into one entity. Risk handling is determined by the nature of the risks identified and the personnel assigned particular risks to monitor, especially those that are not transferred in nature. The personnel’s duty is to monitor the identified risk and report to the risk management team and initiate response actions in respect to that particular risk. A detailed description of the risk is provided to enhance teamwork since precise information is key to the success of risk management through effective communication among the team members. In fact, at this stage the main objective is to identify risks and provide a detailed description to be used to determine potential and most appropriate solutions (riskinstit ute.org). I would employ the five methods of risk identification for the building complex project. First, documentation reviews would be quite essential in order to determine the complications caused by the apparent risks and other related requirements as well. For instance, a review of the project design and the planned implementation would be best tackled by the use of this method. Consequently, identifying inconsistencies between the proposed activities and alternative practices with projects’s internal operations would be easily handled. In addition, this would facilitate an effective means to identify and solve any conflict in the process of risk management activities. The success of this activity is absolutely dependent on effective information gathering. Information gathering method entails thorough brainstorming, interviewing the persons involved and analyzing the cause of every particular risk identified. To obtain the most possible volume of ideas, I would employ br ainstorming and interviewing since external and internal parties involved in the project would make an equal contribution. This would enable a team work spirit since the project owners, shareholders and the end users or rather clients are given an opportunity to provide their insights, which could not be identified without involving them in the process. Overall, the concept is a SWOT analytical approach to potential challenges to the project. This enhances project management since a breakdown of the information gathered through interviews and brainstorming activities is applied in the most appropriate way to tackle the risks identified. Additionally check list analysis is another method I would use to solve the multiple tasks, which are similar in nature fro this project. For instance, one on one interview with customers on their concerns in regards to the project would gather information on every aspect that affects them directly on completion of the project. Therefore, it would be appropriate to conduct interviews on all issues either correctly or sub-divide them for respective issues. In either way, the activity seeks to gather the customers' point of view on the project and interview correspondence would provide first hand information thus appropriate for other related aspects of the project that require customers input. Finally, I would employ

Chapter Twelve Reading Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter Twelve Reading Response - Assignment Example ‘The Kiss’ is an artistic sculpture that creatively shows unity between the lovers. Though the ‘The Two Fridas’ depict unity, it also represents the duality of Frida after she underwent a divorce. Quite sad! The two works I responded to most negatively were Jean Hans Arp painting ‘Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance’ and Sergei Eisenstein photo ‘Battleship Potemkin’. The two works of art depict violent times and the anguish that befell the people. In particular, the ‘Battleship Potemkin’ shows the pain and suffrage the people experienced after the Cossacks fired into the crowds during the anti-czarist uprising. On the other hand, ‘Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance’ depicts a social protest against the destruction of life and senseless slaughter in World War I. One work of art that I would like to know more about is Philip Johnsons ‘Glass House’ built in 1949. It appears magnificent in an isolated place among the forests. I am a fan of nature; therefore, I would be impressed to know more about

Structures Impacted by Tsunami Bores Research Paper

Structures Impacted by Tsunami Bores - Research Paper Example The study seeks to offer understanding into the ways by which the coastal areas can be able to prepare themselves to withstand dangerous hydrodynamic forces associated with large tsunami waves that are progressing to the mainland.The conduct of this study is based on the recent occurrences of tsunamis that have majorly hit parts of the world such as Japan, Philippines, and Chile. As a result, many human lives have been endangered out of the tsunami waves that have extended into the mainland, hence causing severe destruction of buildings. The economic loss attributed to these tsunami attacks are also enormous with the 2011 attack costing US$319 billion worth of damages. The current study aimed at showing that the design of buildings needs to be done in consideration of the hydrodynamic forces, especially in the tsunami prone areas. By developing new guidelines and recommendations, it is aimed that the same will be applied in hydrodynamic constructions. In testing for the interaction b etween the bore and the structure, it is determined that a zero level of water momentum results in an impulsive force being exerted in the upstream. Consequently, the study established that for narrow channel conditions, the run-up power can strongly be affected by the channels. These channels can be built through SPH method as shown in the figure 2 below. Therefore, the study recommends taking special care in interpreting the hydrodynamic forces following initial impacts from the bore.

Historical Roots of Christian Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Roots of Christian Diversity - Essay Example Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians agree with the teachings of the first seven councils as genuine interpretations of the gospel, but only Roman Catholics acknowledge decrees formulated after the nineteenth century. Tradition is a particular interpretation of scripture as described within the Christian community and affirmed by the church. Given that tradition originally permitted new interpretations to meet questions not particularly addressed in the scripture, it was meant to be fluid rather than fixed. When a group shows a tendency to canonize tradition making it appear unbending, tension might result. This development of tradition was not meant to lead to religious rigidity, but was instead developed specifically to recognize the dynamic interaction between, the concrete fixed authority of scripture, and the fluid developing authority of everyday practice. Since it is dynamic, tradition adds a little new thing to Christianity as it enlarges upon scripture. People usually expa nd a tangible communication beyond tradition’s original scope, as it is a factor of exercising human ingenuity in the development of tradition (Weaver and Brakke 64). The power of Rome At a time when the Roman mystique was at its peak, Jesus was born into the Mediterranean world ruled by Rome. The world had never experienced an empire so vast that when people thought of Rome, they envisioned a set of related ideas. Caesar, who presided over Rome, was a central ruling authority who stood close to divinity and symbolized in his person the glory of Rome. The glory of Rome dimmed and then seemed to be restored to some level by Constantine. It was normal to wonder whether the old Rome might reclaim the world’s attention. If Rome can be seen more as an idea than a place, then perhaps it can be understood why it was extremely powerful and attractive. Rome became a goal, and an idea to nature policy. As a fact, it is not surprising that that attracted Constantine and Christian s in general. As the roman emperor, it was clear that Constantine had the best claim on the project. When he moved his capital from the city of Rome to a new site in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire, a political vacuum was left in the West which in turn invited rival claimants. Several groups were inspired to restore Roman glory in the West, and they included; old senatorial families, new barbarian families, and the bishops of Rome, who later are known as popes. The ancient forms of Christianity grew into separate churches generally because of extensively differing political experiences. The Orthodox Church was organized into two ways: at the local level and along the administrative lines of the Roman Empire. The patriarch of Constantinople understood that his position was tied to the emperor. Both the patriarch and the pope did consider themselves as Roman and as heirs of the greatest political empire in the world’s history. This led to a great schism between the two chu rches that lasted until the present day (Weaver and Brakke 78). The two Christian models The first Christian model is; Constantinople as the new Rome in the Greek Orthodox system. When the emperor reunited the fragments of the Roman Empire, he did so under the sign of the cross. Constantine’s bibliographer made a claim that Constantine was directly called by God to embrace Christianity.

Internet Governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16750 words

Internet Governance - Dissertation Example The Internet's expansiveness and socio-economic importance has created challenging global policy issues. A co-ordinated attack on key infrastructure components or a major security breach could now have significant economic and social repercussions. Even mundane responsibilities like IP number system and DNS administration or technical standards setting have been controversial, including questions about their global inclusiveness. Globally, the digital divide not only captures access impurity but also nationally imposed content restrictions for those already connected. The Internet is not defined by the geographic boundaries that govern nations and laws of the non-virtual world. Without a clear jurisdictional framework for the Internet, scholars, businessmen, and laypersons have been left to decipher in a piecemeal fashion what set of laws and norms, if any, shall govern this forum. The United Nations recognises 189 sovereign countries throughout the world, each with its own system of governance and legal framework. This leaves a vexing international question of who should exercise power over Internet activity and what standards shall be upheld. 1.1 Internet Governance The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN co-ordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider.... The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top-level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider. This file is then replicated to the other root servers. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a technical coordination body for the Internet, which are specifically coordinating Internet domain names, IP address numbers, and Protocol parameter and port numbers. In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet's root server system. ICANN's mission is to coordinate technical and policy functions of the DNS in order to promote a safe, stable and commercially viable domain name system, promote competition, and achieve broad representation of global Internet communities. These co-ordinated functions stand in stark contrast to the ad hoc basis on which U.S. government contractors and grantees, and a wide network of volunteers handled many of these key issues. While this informal structure represented the spirit and culture of the research community in which the Internet was developed, the growing international and commercial importance of the Internet necessitated the creation of a technical management.

New Media and Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Media and Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This paper provides a critical discussion of how the presence of social media influences or shapes consumer behaviour with real-world examples of social media as a contemporary marketing and relationship-building tool. The dynamics of social media and consumer psychology Smith (2009) identifies that blogging, video-sharing and social networks are entering mainstream and are no longer a niche market activity in multiple demographic groups. User-generated content materials have improving the ability of consumers to publish their opinions about products and services and also improve the relationships with the global and local communities. Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter allow for instant publication of thoughts and ideas whilst also providing consumers with a new visibility, especially related to video-sharing, that fulfils their needs for affiliation. Bainbridge (2009) informs that consumers are also demanding portability with their electronic devices, thus advance ments in smart phone development and similar devices give portable access to social networking to serve as a form of diary for their current thoughts and impressions on a variety of different subjects and social commentaries. This contemporary access to new media is effective in satisfying consumers of many different socio-cultural and socio-economic backgrounds due to inherent needs and motivations that are shared by virtually all consumers globally. â€Å"A whole range of psychogenic drives stems from our social environment, culture and social group interactions† (Evans, Jamal & Foxall, 2009, p.5). These psychogenic drives are status-related needs or simply finding a sense of serenity regarding one’s place in the social stratification system. According to psychologists, one of the basic motivational drivers is the establishment of a sense of belonging, believing that one must be recognized by peers and general society through group affiliation. Under most models, est ablishment of higher-order psychology cannot be established without this affiliation. â€Å"The satisfaction of the need for esteem produces self-confidence, prestige, power and control† (Gambrel & Cianci, 2003, p.146). People in global society also need to feel as though they are having an impact on their environment as it relates to power and control (Gambrel & Cianci). These inherent needs for recognition from society and peers are also present in youth consumer markets. According to Berten & van Rossem (2008) adolescents are especially influenced by peer relationships and feedback with whom they have strong interpersonal connections as well as their desired reference group. This is important to understand as it relates to youth markets since they are considered to be â€Å"one of the most cynical, fast-moving and fragmented markets brand owners can hope to crack† (Forsey, 2009, p.21). Usually trend conscious, the youth market is a concentrated user of social media and thus understanding their psychological make-up is important to critically assess the role of social media for modern marketing practices. Therefore, it should be said that social media is not just a recreational past-time anymore for youths and older target markets, but represents a lifestyle activity that is mainstream and a conventional social outlet. Through the use of

Internet Governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16750 words

Internet Governance - Dissertation Example The Internet's expansiveness and socio-economic importance has created challenging global policy issues. A co-ordinated attack on key infrastructure components or a major security breach could now have significant economic and social repercussions. Even mundane responsibilities like IP number system and DNS administration or technical standards setting have been controversial, including questions about their global inclusiveness. Globally, the digital divide not only captures access impurity but also nationally imposed content restrictions for those already connected. The Internet is not defined by the geographic boundaries that govern nations and laws of the non-virtual world. Without a clear jurisdictional framework for the Internet, scholars, businessmen, and laypersons have been left to decipher in a piecemeal fashion what set of laws and norms, if any, shall govern this forum. The United Nations recognises 189 sovereign countries throughout the world, each with its own system of governance and legal framework. This leaves a vexing international question of who should exercise power over Internet activity and what standards shall be upheld. 1.1 Internet Governance The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN co-ordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider.... The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top-level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider. This file is then replicated to the other root servers. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a technical coordination body for the Internet, which are specifically coordinating Internet domain names, IP address numbers, and Protocol parameter and port numbers. In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet's root server system. ICANN's mission is to coordinate technical and policy functions of the DNS in order to promote a safe, stable and commercially viable domain name system, promote competition, and achieve broad representation of global Internet communities. These co-ordinated functions stand in stark contrast to the ad hoc basis on which U.S. government contractors and grantees, and a wide network of volunteers handled many of these key issues. While this informal structure represented the spirit and culture of the research community in which the Internet was developed, the growing international and commercial importance of the Internet necessitated the creation of a technical management.

How calcium is absorbed in the body Essay Example for Free

How calcium is absorbed in the body Essay Calcium in the diet of a teenager is actively absorbed in the small intestine and transferred into the intestinal capillaries. Describe the route this calcium would follow to end up in the upper arm. Describe in detail the role of calcium at the neuromuscular junction as well as its role in the mechanism of muscle contraction and relaxation of the triceps. Considering the function of calcium in bone growth, explain in detail how the humerus would grow in length. Calcium in the diet of a teenager is absorbed in the small intestine and transferred to the intestinal capillaries. It diffuses into the bloodstream through the gastric vein into the hepatic vein and then through the common iliac vein into the superior/inferior vena cava that brings the blood into the right atrium of the heart. The sinoatrial node which is located in the right atrial wall, would send an electrical impulse through the heart, causing it to contract. This would then trigger the AV node (which is located between the septum between two atria) to contract as well. When the AV node contracts it sends an impulse through the AV bundle and into the purkinje fibers (which in return causes the entire heart to contract). After going through the right atrium, when the heart contracts it opens up the tricuspid valve, therefore pushing the calcium into the right ventricle. When the heart contracts again (SA node contracts again through AV bundle and purkinje fibers) it causes the pulmonary semilunar valve to open and enters the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries which then brings the blood into the lungs. Then it goes through a systemic loop (the tissue capillaries of the lungs) , which takes the now oxygenated blood and returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins from the lungs. Then from the pulmonary veins the blood enters the left atrium (SA node will contract, causing AV node to contract, sending impulse through the AV bundle, ending at the purkinje fibers) and calcium forces through the bicuspid valve, and into the left ventricle. Then the heart contracts, and (SA node/AV node/AV bundle/purkinje fibers) causing contraction and blood travels through the aortic valve and then into the aorta. From the aorta, the calcium in the blood goes into the right and left subclavian artery and branches down to the axillary artery, and then towards the bra chial artery. From the brachial artery, the oxygenated blood containing calcium in it, goes to the muscles of the upper arm (the brachii muscles) and gives nutrients to the tissue cells. Calcium plays an important role in muscle contraction. Firstly, an action potential arriving at the acon triggers the release of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACH) at the neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine (ACH) binds with the muscle receptor and sodium ions (Na+) are released, which triggers the action potential in the muscle cell. The action potential transmits through the sarcolemma. The calcium (Ca+) ions are then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ions bind with troponin (making it change shape) which makes the troponin release tropomyosin. The myosin then binds to the actin. With the hydrolysis of ATP the myosin head changes shape and a cross-bridge is formed causing the muscle cell to contract. This cycle repeats itself until the contraction is done, or when there is nor more calcium or ATP energy. Once the triceps muscle is relaxed then the calcium gets back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. During relaxation of muscle cells, the level of calcium in sarcoplasm is low and the troponin holds the tropomyosin in position to block myosin-binding sites on actin. During contraction of the muscle cells, a muscle action potential opens calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the calcium flows into the cytosol. The growth of bones can happen through two different types of ossification which include: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. The process for the growth of a long bone like the humerus, the process of endochondral ossification is used. This takes place on the epiphyseal plate (made from remaining hyaline cartilage) in the metaphysis area of the bone. There are four zones on the epiphyseal plate: a) the resting zone which contains the chondrocytes, b) the zone of proliferation where the chondrocytes divide and push the resting cartilage outwards, c) the zone of hypertrophic cartilage where the chondrocytes enlarge and lengthen the diaphysis, d) Zone of calcification- where dead chondrocytes and new one matrix is created. At the end of the growth period, the epiphyseal plates  are completely ossified and the epiphyseal plates close around the age from 18-25. The epiphyseal plates then become the epiphyseal lines. The calcium is a necessary dietary requirement for proper bone growth, development in the body, and to prevent bone deterioration or an example of a disease called osteoporosis.

Decision Making in a Nursing Ethical Dilemma

Decision Making in a Nursing Ethical Dilemma Introduction Decision making in an ethical dilemma circumstances could be difficult at time as one is prone to use similar past experience as a yardstick to analyse the circumstances. McGhee and Perrin (2008), define ethical dilemma as a situation that gives rise to conflicting moral claims resulting in disagreements about choices of action. Therefore using a framework as a tool to guide one through the ethical dilemma would aid in arriving a client-centred decision. This paper aims to look into Ranjit’s decision to die in his own home instead in a hospital as requested by his children using the model for ethical decision making by Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee (2005). Clearly state the problem Ranjit, a 77 year old man diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease lost his motor functions. He prefers to be cared and die at home however his children are concerned about not being able to meet his needs as they do not possess with necessary skills to handle his disease if he deteriorate. Ethical Problem Ranjit may have Parkinson’s disease however it does not limit his freedom to make his own decision. Therefore the ethical issue is raised in contradiction of his autonomy. Social Problem No one is able to care for Ranjit when his condition required more attention, therefore a caregiver is required if Ranjit wish is passed through. Legal Problem Ranjit is of a legal age in the eye of the law; he is capable to make sound decision for himself. His diagnosis may lead others to make baseless assumption about his capability to make a decision. Get the facts Parkinson’s disease is defined as chronic neurodegenerative disorder, which is related to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms such as tremor, brandykinesia and rigidity present in early stage and later stage non-motor features including autonomic dysfunction, falls, and sleep disturbances as loss in non-dopaminergic areas (Ministry of Health, 2007). According to Hoehn and Yahr (1967), Parkinson is classified into five stages, from stage one tremor over one limb to stage five confinements to bed. The prevalence rate in Singapore was found to be 0.3% for the population aged 50 and above (MOH, 2007). People with Parkinson do not only experience distress with their own movement, but the increasing motor deficit also diminishes their ability to express, communicate and interact with others (Doyle Lyons, Tickle-Degnen, Henry, Cohn, 2004). Disability is seen more prominent as the disease progresses, caregiver may experience strain, burnout or financial bur dened (Tan 2013). Therefore communication is critical for patient and caregiver to discuss openly about the disease, understanding their frustrations will help them to live with the disease (Chiong-Rivero et al., 2011). Although with pharmacotherapy can improve the quality of life ancillary approach in managing disease cannot be overlooked. Utilisation of rehabilitation services for Parkinson patients will go a long way to keep them active within the community to prevent isolation and depression. Occupational therapy can be involved in teaching client and care givers in coping with activities of daily living. Physiotherapist can be involved in gait training and strengthening muscles to prevent falls. Caregivers can consider sending Ranjit to various alternative services such as Agency Integrated Care (AIC), day care centre or respite care. Consider the four principles Autonomy Autonomy is defined as the freedom and ability to exercise one’s choice and the ability to decide for oneself. The principle in autonomy is to respect a person’s decision, privacy and confidentiality and receive full disclosure (Staunton and Chiarella, 2008, p. 31; Butt and Rich, 2008, p. 42). His children are against Ranjit decision to be cared and die at home, despite his disease his right to choose should not be stripped off. As healthcare provider it is important to respect and promote client’s autonomy (Singapore Nursing Board (SNB) Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 1999, p.4). Beneficence Beneficence is described as taking action to help other; the desire to do good (Butt and Rich, 2008). The nurse would advocate client’s interest accordance to SNB Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (1999, p.8) value statement 7, to promote client’s best interest by ensuring desires are acknowledge and considered by the healthcare team. The team shall consider Ranjit’s decision to be cared at home as it is deemed good for him. Non- Maleficence Non- maleficence is defined as â€Å"above all, do no harm’ (Staunton and Chiarella, 2008). (ANMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) conduct statement 4 stated nurses to ensure the safety and quality of care are not compromised. If Ranjit’s decision was granted, a caregiver should be nominated to prevent harm at home such as fall. Justice Justice is based on the concept of fairness (Hendrick, 2000, p. 121). This suggests that one shall be treated fairly and be given equal chance to make decision. Statement 2.3 under Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) National Competency Standards for Registered nurses (2006), to demonstrate respect for client’s legal right in relation to health care. Identify Ethical Conflicts Beneficence versus Autonomy The first conflict to be addressed her is whether Ranjit should be cared at home or die in hospital. No doubt hospital is well equipped with equipment and healthcare team to provide a care plan for him till he die but however Ranjit has the right to refuse admission, treatment or care from the hospital. Therefore his primary treating doctor should provide a full disclosure on the disease process, risk and potential problems to allow him to make an autonomous choice. Beneficence versus Non Maleficence The second conflict here is his children perceived hospital is the best place for him as they do not have the necessary skills to look after him. However what seem to be best may not be as it place Ranjit at risk for acquiring infection or develop depression to his wish rebuked. Non Maleficence ethical principle here is involved if Ranjit’s decision is approved by his children. Due to the lack of care at home, he may be faced with potential issues such as falls, pressure sores and chest infection. Consider the law Consent Mr Ranjit has the mental capacity to take consent as evidenced by his active commitments with various activities. His consent may be deemed valid if he is able to understand and retain information and communicate his decision as stated in Mental Capacity Act (2008). Right to refuse treatment As the children wanted him to be institutionalised, Ranjit can refuse admission to a hospital or a nursing home. Advance directives An advance medical directive (AMD) an Act to provide for, and give legal effect to, advance directives to medical practitioners against artificial prolongation of the dying process and for matters connected therewith (Advance Medical Directive Act, 1996). Mr Ranjit may consider AMD to safeguard his wishes, case he became unconscious or terminally ill. Making the ethical decision Ranjit’s decision to be cared at home should be granted as he is competent to make his own decision and what is deem best for his interest. Family conference involving patient’s treating doctor, patient and his family may be helpful in this circumstance to hear from individual’s perspective to reach a conclusion that may benefit all. However the ultimate decision is still on Ranjit thus his children should respect his decision and look for alternative revenue to provide care for their father. Document the decision In accordance to statement 6.3 of ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse (2006), Documentation must be written clearly and concise to provide accurate assessments. Therefore it is important for nurses and doctors to document all discussion shared as evidence to prevent unnecessary miscommunication. Evaluate the decision Ranjit’s care plan will need to be evaluated when there is a change in his condition or needs (ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse statement 8.2, 2006). As Ranjit is able to make an autonomous decision to be cared at home, his children can employ a caregiver to be home to look after the father, the care plan will need to be evaluated every three months to better support and meet his needs.

Health Benefits Of Ergonomics Essay -- essays research papers

Ergonomics involves designing workplaces and work tools to be used easily, efficiently and effectively by people. The overall goal is to promote health and productivity in the workplace. Where ergonomic principles are not applied, chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as tendinitis of the arm and hand, eyestrain injury and back injuries may be common.Most people are concerned when they cannot use parts of the body like they know they should be able to use them. People are often unaware of ways to prevent injury, and ergonomics will introduce methods that will help reduce those injuries. Chiropractors recommend using ergonomics in a professional environment as well as at home. Following simple guidelines can help prevent injury to the arms and hands, eyes, and back. Everyday activities at work, home, or play can cause wear and tear on muscles, joints, tendons, and nerves. Problems can be a direct result of poor posture, repetitive motion, and excessive force or pressure to any part of the body.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) provides ergonomic consulting services to companies, labor organizations and government agencies. In an environment where Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) and the associated workers' compensation costs continue to increase, these services are directed to identifying the risk factors to such disorders and assisting clients in reducing the hazards created by these factors.INTRODUCTIONIncreased or constant productivity is a concern of every employer. Employers want to know that their employees are doing their best. Therefore, employers should strive to make the work environment suitable for productivity. The ergonomics program is designed to do just that. In most cases, a happy employer leads to happy employees.PurposeThe purpose of the ergonomic program is to make employers aware of injury prevention. Such awareness can to increased productivity, a decrease in the number of worker's compensation cases, and a decrease in number of lower back injuries.The information provided to you in this proposal will make you, as an employer, see the necessity of applying ergonomics to your working environment. Studies have shown that with increased computer use, the numbers of Repetitive Motion Disorders has tripled since 1979.ScopeThese ergonomic consulting serves are provided by trained and experienced industrial engineers and ... ... body movement: Try Yoga, Chi Kung, or Tai Chi.For reducing stress: Try meditation, visualization exercises, taking deep breaths, or going for a walkFor working through sore, stiff, or sensitive muscles: Try massage, physiotherapy, trigger point therapy, acupressure or shiatsuFor reducing inflammation and pain: Try ice or a package of frozen vegetables on the affected area.For relieving neck strain after sleeping: Use a cervical roll or a "contour pillow" and don't sleep on your stomach.For general well-being: Take frequent rest breaks (recommended is 5 minute rests every 20 minutes and get out of your chair at least once an hour), drink lots of water, exercise, stretch, and move around often.CONCLUSIONSThose are the basics. The most important thing to ask yourself is: Are you comfortable throughout a day's work? If it feels good and you tend not to shift trying to get comfortable, then you are probably less at risk of injury or possible reinjury. Remember, people are not robots. Move around. Get up. A good chair lets you have a little room to move so you can stay loose. Leaning and slumping is fine once in a while, just don't make that your continual working position.

The Character of Odysseus in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essays

The Character of Odysseus in The Odyssey Homer's epic tale The Odyssey is a story of the triumphs and downfalls that are in store for one warrior's long pillage home.   Odysseus, the hero from the Trojan wars, has led his people of Ithaca and other Achaean soldiers to victory and now wishes to return home to his wife and family of Ithaca.   Through his twenty year journey Odysseus is often tested not only of his physical strength, but his wits as well.   The many accomplishments he achieved earned him great status and recognition throughout ancient Greece.   The mistakes he made caused the deaths of many men.   Consequently, we as readers are able to see the many personas that Odysseus carries with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odysseus possesses every attribute that Homeric Greeks admire.   He displays loyalty, piety, manly valor and intelligence.   We see Odysseus's loyalty in book one.   Odysseus has won the Trojan War, and has been trapped on the island of Ogygia with the beautiful nymph Calypso.   For ten years, Odysseus longed to return home to his wife Penelope, despite the attractions set up by Calypso.   Never once did he accept his fate on the enchanting island.   Odysseus' loyalty to Penelope is also at hand in the following: So then, Royal son of Laertes, Odysseus, man of exploits, still eager to leave at once and hurry back to your own home, your beloved native land? Good luck to you, even so. Farewell! But if you only knew, down deep, what pains are fated to fill your cup before you reach that shore, you'd stay right here, preside in our house with me and be immortal. Much as you long to see your wife, the one you pine for all your days ... POETRY VERSION (BOOK 4) This quote states the... ...estraint is also evident in the brutal attacks of Melanthius and Antinous.   Melanthius kicking the lowly disguised Odysseus, and Antinous' blow to Odysseus with a stool.   At first instinct one would fight back, especially with the strength and agility of Odysseus.   Nevertheless Odysseus restrains and knows that a premature revealimg of his true identity would ruin the future plans in store for the total take over of his palace.   So, just as any other beggar would react, the mighty Odysseus bows his head and walks back to the hut, with visions of the soon to be victory in his head.   Looking at Odysseus in whole, the strength intelligence, arrogance, and cunning restraint stand out above all creating a truly powerful and courageous leader.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Works Cited: Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1998.